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3 types of active transport
- Physiological pump
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
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3 types of passive transport
- diffusion
- osmosis
- filtration
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4 major classes of microorganisms
- bacteria
- helminths
- rickettsiae
- viruses
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5 types of relationships between microbes
- independence
- mutualism
- commensalism
- symbiosis
- parasitism
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Independence as pertains to microbiology
2 different kinds of organisms living independently without affecting each other
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Mutualism as pertains to microbiology
Each organism derives some benefit from the other
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Commensalism as it pertains to microbiology
One organism receives benefit from another organism but couses it no harm
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Symbiosis as it pertains to microbiology
The living together of two different kinds of organisms
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Parasitism as it pertains to microbiology
One organism derives benefit from another organism at the other's expense
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Define endotoxin
Soluble toxins secreted by microbes into thier surroundings, including host tissues, from Gram negative bacteria. Have non-specific effects
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Define exotoxin
Soluable substances secreted into host tissues, small amount of which can cause great harm to host
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Examples of Gram negative rods
- Pseurdomonas aeruginosa
- Helicobacter pylori
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Examples of Aerobic Gram-negative cocci
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- N. meningitides
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Examples of Aerobic gram-positive rods
- Bacillus anthracis
- B. cereus
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Corynebacterium diptheriae
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Examples of Anaerobic gram-positive bacteria
- Clostridium perfringens
- C. tetani
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Examples of Facultative anaerobic gram-negative rods
- Gardnerella vaginalis
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Salmonella typhi
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5 transmission pathways for microorganisms
- Direct contact
- Indirect contact
- Droplets
- Vehicles
- Vectors
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Describe direct contact transmission
Requires bodily contact between a healthy person and a person who is a carrier or has the disease.
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Describe indirect contact transmission
Includes spread of contagious disease by fomites e.g. dishes, doorknobs and money
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Describe droplet transmission
Occurs when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks near others
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Describe vehicle transmission of disease
Occurs through a nonliving carrier of an infectious agent, including water, air, food, blood and other body fluids
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Describe vector transmission of disease
Living organisms that transmit diesase to people; examples are ticks, flies and lice
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6 types of infections
- Acute
- Chronic
- Latent
- Mixed
- Primary
- Secondary
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Describe acute infections
Runs a rapid or prolonged course, appears suddenly, is sever and terminates abruptly
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Describe chronic infections
Runs a slow course over a long period of time
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Describe latent infections
Infections inactive or hidden
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Describe mixed infections
Infections caused by more than one organism
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Describe primary infections
Primary infections
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Describe secondary infections
An infection which follows or complicates the original
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Define active immunity
The body's own immune system produces antibodies against an infectious agent.
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Name two types of active immunity
- Naturally aquired
- Passively aquired
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Define naturally aquired immunity
Active immunity produced when a person is exposed to or contracts the disease and subsequently produces his or her own antibodies
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Define artificial active immunity
Active immunity produced when an individual is given a vaccine
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Describe passive immunity
Antibodies from an outside source are introduced into the body so that it does not have to produce its own.
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Name 2 types of passive immunity
- Natural passive immunity
- Artificial passive immunity
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An example of natural passive immunity
When a mother's antibodies pass through the placenta or through breast milk to the fetus
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An example of artificial passive immunity
Antibodies produced elsewhere are injected into the body in the form of immune serums
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Characteristics of rickettsiae
- Smaller than bacteria but larger than viruses
- Parasites
- Transmission occurs via insects and animal vectors
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Characteristics of helminths
- Multicellular animal parasites, commonly called worms
- Largest organism responsible for human diseases
- Usually transmitted through fecal contamination or by eating uncooked meat
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