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A survey conducted in 2004, by the American Heartworm Society, revealed ___ dogs were diagnosed with heartworm disease across the United States.
255,000
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The first case of heartworm diesase was identified in the canine population more than __ years ago, with the first case of feline heartworm disease found in 1920's.
100
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HW diseases means what 2 things?
1. has heartworms 2. the animal suffers from the debilitating symptoms
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What is the family for heartworm diease?
Filariodea
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Dirofilaria immitis with its definitive host the __
canidae
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What are the stages of heartworm?
- Stage 1- Microfilaria- 1st adult and mosquito
- Stage 2- No Name Stage-Mosquito only
- Stage 3- Infective Stage-mosquito and 2nd adult
- Stage 4- Pre-adult Stage 2nd adult only
- Stage 5a- Immature Adult Stage- 2nd adult only
- Stage 5- Mature Adult Stage- 2nd adult only
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Of all known species of mosquito some __# are known to transmit D.immitis; however recent studies indicate that some species are more prone to take blood meals from dogs and some from cats.
3,000
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The __ mosquito is common in the homes of people in the US and effects both dogs and cats.
Culex
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__ % of dogs positive on occult test for dirofilaria immits, are known to be negative for microfilaria.
50%
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What are some reasons why we dont see microfilaria?
- 1. same sex
- 2. WBC attacks
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What transmit heartworms?
mosquitos
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What transmit Acanthochelonema reconditum?
the flea! (Ctenocephalis felis)
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What are 5 ways to diagnosis heartworm diseas using blood samples?
- Direct smear 64%
- modified knot's test 84%
- Difil test- best microfilaria test
- Hemaatocrit Tube
- Occult test
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What are 3 other ways to diagnosis heartworms besides blood samples?
History, Radiology, Echocardiography
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What does ELISA stand for?
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
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Any test that detects antigens or antibodies is considered an __
Occult test
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It was once written that all antigen test required at least __ mature females
Three
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What are the top 4 heartworm symptoms noted by the owner are:
- 1. coughing
- 2. loss of stamina
- 3. ascites
- 4. front legs bowed outward
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What are 4 causes of false negatives on a blood sample antigen test?
- 1. blood sample is not warmed up to room temperature
- 2. infection is light
- 3. female worms have yet to mature
- 4. they are only males in this infection
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Why are ELISA test not as senstive to heartworms in cats?
1. Due to low heartworm burden 2. immature female heartworms in the early stages of the life cycle 3. a male heartworm infection
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Overall, the msot useful tests to confirm heartworm infection in cats are:
1. serology (Antibody levels or antibody test), thoracic radiographs or an echocardiography
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The changes typically seen in canine radiographs with heartworms include:
- 1. enlargement of the pulmonary artery at 1 o'clock
- 2. enlargement of the right side of the heart commonly called the "inverted D"
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What are some changes in the radiograph of a cat with heartworms?
- 1. enlargement of the main lobar and peripheral pulmonary arteries
- 2. the pulmonary artery is gretater that 1/6 times the width of the ninth rib
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There are two views that are a must for determining the SEVERITY of heartworm infection:
- 1. Lateral view- heart more than 5 ribs in length and sits on the sternum
- 2. Ventral Dorsal View
- a. enlarged pulmonary artery-1 o clock
- b. enlarged right side of heart- inverted D
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Macrocyclic lactones includes the following preventive mdications:
- 1. ivermectin
- 2. milbemycin oxime
- 3. selamectin
- 4. moxidectin
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The macrocyclic lactones are highly therapeutic possessing, anthelminthic activity against what 4 things?
- 1. microfilaria
- 2. 3rd and 4th stage larvae
- 3. and some instances young adult heartworm S5a
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Nemcide, Dirocide, Filaribits
Diethylcarbamazine citrate- Pfizer
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Heartgard
ivermectin- Merial (Merick)
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Interceptor
Milbemycin oxime-novartis
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Proheart6
Moxidecting- Ft. Dodge
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Advantage Multi
Moxidectin+ Imidacloprid - Bayer
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What are the 3 products that produce a reaction when animal has microfilira?
- Diethylcarbamzine citrate
- Milbemycin oxime
- Dicolorvus- TASK
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Is Diethylcarbamazine citrate a macrocyclic lactone?
NO
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What is the liquid diethylcarbamazine phosphate?
Styride Caricide
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When is it okay to give DEC to a dog with heartworm?
occult infections (adult only) usually prior to microfiliaria infection and under 5 months
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Ivermectin (Heartgard) kills what stage of heartworm?
L4
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It is well knonw that some __ dogs (autosomal recessive inheritance) and other glycoprotein deficient dogs are unusally sensitive to high does of ivermectin. In excessive of 16 times the minimum effective prophylaxis does.
Collie dogs
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What stage of heartworm does intercepter kill?
L3 and L4
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What are two topical preventatives for heartworms?
- 1. Selamectin- Revolution
- 2. Moxidectin with imidacloprid - Advantage multi
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Whats the injectable product for heartworms?
Proheart 6
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What is the heartworm found in large cats primary in Africa?
Dirofilaria ripens
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What does the head of dirofiliaria immitis look like?
tapered head
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What does the head of Ancathochelonema recondium?
Button hooked tail/blunt head
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What are some symptoms/signs of a dog with heartworms?
- 1. weight loss
- 2.loss endurance
- 3. coughing
- 4. accumulation of abdominal fluid
- 5. labored breathing
- 6. increased temperature
- 7. cyanotic membranes
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What aren't more animals protected from heartworms?
- 1. 24% of all pet owners, spend nothing at vet
- 2. clients do not understand the disease
- 3. pricing of treatment and prevention deter many clients from starting on a prophylaxis
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Why do clients go to vet hosipitals?
- 1. 1/3 go for vaccinations
- 2. 1/3 of all go only when ill
- NOTE: presuading clients to further health care for there pets is communication and consistency
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What product can be used for demodectic mange?
Advantage multi- moxidectin with imidacloprid
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What is an injectable product for heartworms?
Proheart 6 (Moxidectin)
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Macrocyclic lactones chemoprophylaxis will do what 3 things?
- 1. clear microfilariae from the blood of dogs
- 2. retard repopulation by gradually suppressing embryogenesis
- 3. shorten the life of the adult
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What are treatments for adult heartworms?
- 1. Melarsomine dihydrochloride (Immiticide)
- 2. Thiacetarsamide sodium (Caparsolate)
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Immiticide is administered in deep __ muscles
epaxial lumbar
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All macrocyclic lactones have a "__" of two months
reach back
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This drug has been used as an adulticide for heartworms since the mid 60's and is still available in Asia and parts of Europe
Thiacetarsamide sodium
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What are some other heartworm adulticide not in use today?
- Levamisole HCl
- Fenthon (Talodex)
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Why was levamisole taken off the market?
unsafe (organophosphate like symptoms)
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What is the drug of choice for microfilaricide treatment?
ivermectin
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What are the 6 microfilaria treatments today and yesterday?
- 1. Ivermectin
- 2. Selamectin (Revolution)
- 3. Milbemycin oxime (Interceptor)
- 4. Dithiazine Iodine (Dizan)
- 5. Levamisole HCl
- 6. Fenthion
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Adult worms when treated with the adulticide will die in ___
9 months to 1 year
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What is class 1 of heartworms?
- asymptomatic to mild heartworm disease
- no radiographic signs
- no signs of anemia
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What is class 2 of heartworms?
- moderate heartworm disease
- radiographic signs are present
- anemia is present PCV less than 30%
- mild proteninuria
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What is class 3 heartworms
- severe heartworm disease
- radiographic signs
- significant anemia
- stabilized and alternate dosage
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What is caval syndrome also known as?
dirofilarial hemoglobinuria
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Most filarial nematodes, including D. immitis, harbor obligate, intracellualar, gram negative bacterica called?
Wolbachia
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It is hypothesized that Wolbachia contributes to _ and _ inflammation
pulmonary and renal producing endotoxins
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What is the lifecycle of Dirofilaria immitis?
- Dog #1 has adults (S5) and microfilaria (S1)
- Mosquito takes blood and picks up S1
- S1 molts to S3 in mosquito, time temp depend
- Mosquito inserts S3 & saliva in dog #2
- s3 molts to s4 in SQ tissue
- S4 stays in SQ for 100 days
- S4 molts to S5 (preadult) and it moves to pa
- S5 preadult stays in PA for 80days and then molts to adult S5
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What is the formala to convert celcius to F*
9/5 x C + 32 = F
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why treat for microfilaria
- a dog positive for microfilaria is potential threat to other dogs
- pathological changes associated with high #s of microfilaria make the treatment of the dog for adults more complex
- If the dog is positive, and an owner where to buy DEC resulting in shock or death
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What is type 1 hypersensitivity (anaphylactic)
- mast cells (basophils) release histamines that:
- dilate blood vessels
- hypotension insues resulting in a decreased in cardiac output
- loss of tone in the capillary walls and sphincters
- blood pools in all peripheral vessels
- blood cannot get back to heart and lungs to receive O2
- animal goes into coma and dies of hypoxia
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symptoms of anaphylactic shock
- reaction occurs within 20 mins time frame
- dilated pupils
- diarrhea
- vomiting
- WBC goes down in 1 hour
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What are some options in treatment for dogs with heartworms
- adulticide
- adulticide and microfilaricide
- or just microfilaricide
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Signs of heartworms disease in cats usually develop during on of what two stages:
- arrival of the immature S5 in the pulmonary artery
- death of adult heartworms
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The ititial phase of feline heartworm disease is often diagnosed as asthma or allergic bronchitis but is actually part of a syndrome now known as :
Heartworm- associated respiratory disease (HARD)
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what is AHA?
american heartworm association
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what is the gold standard for dog occult test?
antigen
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What is the earliest detection for antibody, radiographs, echocardiograph, antigen
- antibody 2 mo
- radiography 4-6 mo
- echocardiograph 6 mo
- antigen 6 mo
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What are the heartworm preventives in cats?
- Selamectin Revolution topical
- Ivermectin Heartgard oral
- Milbemycin oxime Interceptor oral
- Imidacloprid + moxidectin Advantage multi topical
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