Biology3 FINAL

• domain
• kingdom
• phylum
• class
• order
• family
• genus
• species

• bacteria
• archaea
• eukarya

• protista -- single-celled, colonial, multicellular; prod & consm
• fungi -- most multicellular; decomposers
• animalia -- multicellular; consumers
• plantae -- multicellular; producers

a reaction that removes a molecule of water

chemical reaction where water is added to break the bonds

• a carbohydrate consisting of one sugar molecule
• pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar): ribose [has OH OH], deoxyribose
• hextose: galactose, fructose, glucose

• two monomer sugars linked together
• sucrose: glucose + fructose
• maltose: glucose and glucose
• lactose: glucose and galactose

• three or more sugars linked together
• used for long term energy storage and structural support
• glycogen: long term energy storage in animals
• starch: long term energy storage in plants
• cellulose: structural support in plants
• chitin: outer covering of insects and crabs

• glycerol bonded to
• 2 fatty acids (non polar and hydrophobic) and
• 1 phosphate group (polar and hydrophilic)

• peptide bonds
• amino group -- R group -- hydrogen -- carboxylic acid group

• pentose sugar-->
• phosphate group-->
• nitrogenous base

• exponential growth: unlimited resources and no pressures; bacteria; j-shape curve
• logistic growth: where a population tends to stabilize; reaches its carrying capacity; s-shape curve

• how organisms are arranged in a population based on environmental conditions and social interaction
• clumped: more eyes, reduced predation risk, easier to find mate
• uniform: evenly dispersed
• random: position is dependent on other individuals

• a species that plays a larger role in the community
• ex. starfish eats muscles

a group of individuals living close enough to interact

all the factors that affect or are affected by an organism

• batesian: harmless animals may evolve to resemble poisonous ones
• mullerian: two unpalatable and harmful organisms resemble eachother

• commensalism: one species benefits and the other is unaffected
• mutualism: both species benefit
• parasitism: one species benefits and the other is harmed

• 1. producer
• 2. primary consumer
• 3. secondary consumer
• 4. tertiary consumer

• plant communities based on rainfall and temperature
• tropical rain forest: little temp variation
• savanna: rainy season/drought season; tall grasses, scattered shrubs
• desert: some hot/some cold; plants adapt to store water
• chaparral: mid-latitude, coastal, mild rain winter/hot dry summer
• temperate deciduous forest: dense deciduous trees, moist cold winter/humid summer
• coniferous: cone bearing trees, warm moist air/heavy snowfall
• tundra: no tall shrubs or trees, cold, high winds
• ocean: wide range light stratification

• perfect: has both masculine, stamen, and feminine, carpel
• imperfect: has either masculine or feminine
• complete: has all four parts; stamens, carpel, petals, sepals
• incomplete: lacks one or more flower part

• bacteria
• archaea
• no membrane enclosed organelles
• flagellum for movement
• cell wall

• micro-filaments: thin fibers, 2 thin twisted strands
• intermediate filaments: medium rope-like fibers
• micro-tubules: thick fibers

more solute

less solute

same solute

• passive: do not use energy, moves down the gradient (diffusion of a dye in water, or osmosis)
• active: use stored chemical energy to move molecules across membranes, moves against the gradient
• other: endo/exo/phago cytosis -- use energy but not "through" a membrane

glucose and oxygen

• 1. light energy ejects electrons from a photosystem.
• 2. photosystem pulls replacement electrons from water, releasing O₂ and H+.
• 3. electrons enter an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane.
• 4. energy lost by the electrons as they move through the ETC cause H⁺ to be pumped from the stroma into thylakoid compartment. a thylakoid membrane gradient forms across the thylakoid membrane.
• 5. another photosystem receives electrons from the ETC
• 6. electrons move through a second ETC; NADPH is formed.
• 7. H⁺ in the thylakoid compartments are propelled through interior of ATP synthases by their gradient across their thykaloid membrane.

• 2 ATP (net)
• 2 NADH
• 2 pyruvate
• in the cytoplasm

• 6 NADH
• 4 CO₂
• 2 FADH₂
• 2 ATP
• in the matrix of the mitochondria

• 1. DNA helicase: a protein that separates helix by breaking H bonds between nitrogen bases
• 2. DNA polymerase: a protein that reads template 3' to 5' and adds free nucleotides from 5' to 3'. Bonds phosphate to sugar to form backbone.
• 3. DNA ligase: Thus, Okazaki fragments are created and connected by DNA ligase.

• deoxyribonucleic acid: double helix molecules
• a polymer with genetic information

a segment of DNA molecule that codes for a specific trait

uncondensed structures made of DNA and found in the nucleus

condensed structure of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus with genes on it

a cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

a pair of chromosomes that carry the same genetic information; almost always the same size and shape