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Blocked Practice
Leads to better practice performance. This practice becomes more automatice and does little to promote comparisons of similarities and differences...does not produce lasting effects or carry-over.
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Random Practice
- Makes practice more difficult but enhances the learning of multiple skills.
- Variation in the order of practice; tasks are intermingled or continuously rotated. Leads to better retention retrieval practice. Random practice produces better retention results.
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When to use blocked practice?
When first learning skill, but switch to random soon after.
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Especial skills
One situation to use blocked practice continuously - free throws
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Random Variable
Most difficult form of practice
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Schema
- A set of rules relating movement outcomes to the parameters set by the performer.
- (Set of rules that relate parameter values to goal)
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Constant practice
- Similar to blocked practice; people rehearse one variation of a task during a session (throwing a dart)
- No practice in changing parameters
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Variable
Random practice works best for retention and skill improvement
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Varied Practice
- People practice different versions of the same action; rehearsal matches actual performance (throwing a softball)
- The practice of different versions of the same movement pattern
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Generalized Motor Program
Allows performers to adapt their movements to meet varying environmental demands
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Retrieval Practice
Occurs more frequently during random practice than during blocked practice
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Parameterization
The process of selecting a specific parameter, such as force or movement time, to meet a particular environmental demand
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Contextual Interference
Higher for random practice than for blocked practice
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Forgetting Hypothesis
Learner forgets task A to do task B, then has to relearn or replan the task next time.
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Stimulus-identification Stage
First stage in the information-processing model; recognizing and identifying the input (distance a ball must be thrown)
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Response-selection stage
Second stage; deciding which, if any, response to make (what kind of throw is needed)
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Response-proframming Stage
The third stage; organizing the motor system to produce the desired movement (force, trajectory, release of the throw)
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Varied Practice in Schema Development
Stong, stable rules determine the parameters of the desired action. A schema changes based on past experience and the desired goal.
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Best Practice
A combination of random and varied practice yields the best results. Engaging learners in a correct combination of random and varied practice may yield better performance gains than having them complete either practice schedule independently.
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