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reform movement from 1900-1920; wanted govt to take a more active position in solving eco & soc problems; muckrakers prominent in movement; mainly middle-class
Progressivism
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muckraker; wrote How the Other Half Lives; exposed conditions of slums
Jacob Riis
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1st muckraker; Shame of the Cities; condemned municipal corruption
Lincoln Steffens
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muckraker; History of the Standard Oil Company; corrupt practices of monopolies
Ida M. Tarbell
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muckraker; campaigned against lynching; helped decrease # of lynching (esp. in North) & involved Afr-Amer women in suffrage
Ida. B. Wells
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journalists, social critics who wrote exposés which drew calls for reform; educated people about wrongs of society, got more people involved in reform
Muckrakers
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promoted “Wisconsin Idea;” est. Reference Bureau, public utility commission; “grassroots democracy”
Robert M. LaFollette
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est. Hull House settlement house
Jane Addams
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est. National Consumers League to improve working conditions for women & children, workers’ compensation, etc.
Florence Kelley
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upheld 10-hr workday for women
Muller v. Oregon
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voided 10-hr workday for workers; violated “liberty of contract”
Lochner v. New York
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upheld 10-hr workday for men & women
Bunting v. Oregon
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legalized federal income tax
Sixteenth Amendment
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direct election of senators
Seventeenth Amendment
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Prohibition
Eighteenth Amendment
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women’s suffrage
Nineteenth Amendment
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militant prohibition crusader
Carrie Nation
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created Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
Frances E. Willard
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important suffragette; organized march on Washington, D.C.; helped secure the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment
Alice Paul
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struck down OK’s “grandfather clause”
Guinn v. United States
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leader of the Black Separatist movement; founded UNIA; advocated return to Africa
Marcus Garvey
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appointed Chief Forester, Forestry Commission by TR; fired in controversy in Taft’s presidency regarding Ballinger
Gifford Pinchot
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naturalist & friend w/ TR; worked to designate national parks, wildlife refuges, & national natural monuments
John Muir
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Sect. of the Interior; accused of selling lands to private group; exonerated; controversy alienated Taft from progressives
Richard Ballinger
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TR’s platform for the Election of 1912; increase regulatory power of fed. govt
New Nationalism
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Wilson’s platform for the Election of 1912; eliminate all trusts, lower tariffs, restore competition; during presidency, to tear down Triple Wall of Privilege; eventually became more like New Nationalism w/ est. of Federal Trade Commission
New Freedom
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Germany tried to enlist Mexico to help fight against US if the US entered war; if Germany won, it would return lands lost in Mex-Amer War to Mexico
Zimmerman Telegraph
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Germany promised not to sink any passenger ships without warning (1915)
Arabic Pledge
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head of the Committee on Public Information; in charge of massive propaganda campaign to increase public support for the war; promoted “expression, not repression,” which inadvertently condoned mob violence and witch hunts
George Creel
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upheld the Espionage Act; civil liberties could be suspended if posed danger to the public
Schenck v. United States
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challenged laws that prohibited the teaching of evolution; “monkey” trial b/w ACLU-supported Clarence Darrow (defended Scopes) & Wm. Jennings Bryan; helped end fundamentalist crusade
John T. Scopes
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pioneer in the use of modern media, especially radio, which she drew upon through the growing appeal of popular entertainment in North America
Sister Aimee
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1st solo transatlantic flight (1927); helped popularize commercial flight
Charles Lindbergh
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1st solo female transatlantic flight (1931); helped popularize commercial flight
Amelia Earhart
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famous African American poet; literary leader of Harlem Renaissance
Langston Hughes
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famous African American novelist; literary leader of Harlem Renaissance
Claude McKay
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famous writer of the Jazz Age; wrote The Great Gatsby, Tender is the Night; part of the “lost generation;” modernist writer; created own reality; avoided traditional structures; focused on isolation, corruption of modern times
F. Scott Fitzgerald
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developed Theory of Relativity (space, time, & mass not absolutes); caused many to question progress
Albert Einstein
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revolutionized mass-production, assembly-line technology; Model T caused the growth of the automobile industry, which then changed society of 1920s
Henry Ford
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employers offered alternative to unions; profit-sharing, bonuses, health programs
“welfare capitalism”
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