Bio I Final #2 Vocab

the key to understanding what makes each organism unique

specific charactgeristic

the factors passed on from parent to offspring

differnet forms of a gene

seperation of alleles

sex cells

physical makeup

genetic makeup

when one allele is not complete dominant over another (red and white flower = pink flower)

both phenotypes are clearly expressed

2 sets of chromosomes that come from father (2) and mother (2)

a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

cells containing only one set of chromosomes

In prophase I replicated chromosomes pair up with corrosponding homologous chrmosomes

a fertilized egg

having the ability to cause disease by inheriting it from a parent

virus that infects bacteria

duplication of DNA

enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a new strand of DNA

like DNA, a nucleic acid that consits of a long chain of nucleotides

carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins

proteins are assembled on ribosomes, small orgenells made of two subunits (rRNA)

transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein

segments of DNA serve as a template to produce complimentary RNA molecules

enzyme needed for transcription

regions of DNA that have specific base sequences

portions of pre-mRNA pieces cut out before being "read"

the pieces of pre-mRNA that are left to be "read"

long chains of amino acids

A, C, G, U/T used for bases in DNA/RNA

the three letter "word" in mRNA

decoding of mRNA

each tRNA molecule has 3 unpaired bases

the way DNA, RNA, and proteins are imvolved in putting genetic info into action in living things

a condition in which an organism gas an extra set of chrmosomes

a group of genes that are regulated together

the O site is where a DNA-binding protein known as the lac repressor can bind to DNA

regulates organs that develop in soecific partsof the body

base DNA sequence that codes for transcription factors that activate other genes that are inportant in cell development

a full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA

pics of chromosomes cut out and arranged in a picture

the other 44 non sex chromosomes

2 of the 46 chromosomes that determine the organisms sex

gene located on a sex chromosome

a chart that shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationship between parents, siblings, and offspring

when homologous chromosomes fail to seperate during meiosis

enzymes that cut DNA into smaller pieces to be analyzed

technique used by scientists to seperate and analyze differently sized fragments

research area of the Human Genome Project

the study of the whole genomes, including their genes and their functions

crossing dissimilar plants

continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

the application of a technology process, invention, or method to living organisms

a method scientists use to make copies of a gene

a gene taken from one organism and attached to another organsims DNA

small circular DNA carried by some bacteria

a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don't

containg genes from other species

the process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder

technology to study hundreds or even thousands of genes at once to understand thair activity levels

a tool used to identify individuals

the scientific study of crime scene evidence

the process of change over time

humans selection traits they like

any heritable characteristic that increases and organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment

how well and organism can survive and reproduce

the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring

stuctures unherited from a common ancestor

body parts that share a common function, but not structure

stuctures inherited from an ancestor but has lost most if not all of its original function

when individuals at one end of the curve have a higher fitness then the rest

the center of the curve has a higher fitness than the rest

when the outer ends are more fit than the ones in the middle

• 1. random mating
• 2. large population
• 3. no mutations
• 4. no gene flow (migration)
• 5. no natural selection

how mates are selected based on heritable traits

the formation of a new species