Honors chem sem 2 final

the base line of the energy

high point on a wave

low point on a wave

distance from origin to crest

• distance from crest to crest
• Wavelength is abbreviated by the Greekletter lambda

The number of waves that pass a given point persecond.

EMISSION SPECTRA

atom in the lowest possible state; theelectron’s starting energy level

Atom with excess energy

According to the theoryof wave mechanics,electrons do not moveabout an atom in adefinite path, like theplanets around the sun

• Electrons move in definiteorbits around the nucleus,much like planets circle thesun.
• Electrons jump betweenlevels by absorbing oremitting photo of a particularwavelength.

energy required to remove an electronfrom an individual atom

When two elements and/or ions have the sameelectronic configurations

attractive force between atoms or ions that binds them together as a unit

A type of chemical bonding that is the result oftransfer of electrons from one atom to another

Form by the sharing of one or more pair ofvalence electrons by two atoms;• Nonmetal + Nonmetal

Atoms are covalently connected in manyidentical units called molecules

Valence electrons are shared among atomsthroughout the substance.

Formed by metallic ions sharing their electronsin a common “sea of valence electrons”

The ability of one atom to attract e- from another atom

e- gained by strongatom and lost by weak atom

e- shared unequally by 2atoms

e- shared equally by 2atoms

2 opposite charges separated by a smalldistance

Describes what occurs when two molecules havethe same chemical formula (same atoms) butdifferent structural formulas (bonds).

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

Electron pairs orient themselves to be as far apartas possible.

Attractive forces that occur between molecules

large chainlike molecules made from many smallmolecules called monomers

a small molecule(often water) is released for each addition of amonomer to the polymer chain

1 atm (or the equivalent inanother unit) and 0°C (273 K)

he volume of 1 moleof any gas at STP = 22.4 L

The ability to do work or produceheat

energy due toposition or composition.

energy due to themotion of an object.

Sum of the kinetic and potentialenergies of all particles in thesystem.

Energy can be converted from oneform to another, but cannot becreated or destroyed

the study of energy

measure of the random motion (averagekinetic energy) of the particles that make upthe substance

Heat is the flow of energy due to atemperature difference

Takes into account the internal energy ofthe sample along with the pressure andvolume

A process in which energy (as heat) flows out ofa system into the surroundings.

A process in which energy (as heat) flows intothe system from the surroundings; energy isabsorbed from their surroundings.

homogeneous mixture, in whichone material completely dissolves in another.

the dissolving medium in a solution

the substance dissolved in the solventto make a solution

• surface area
• stirring
• temperature

Any measurement of how much solute is dissolvedin a solution

Solution containing as much solute as will dissolve at thattemperature.

Solution in which more solute can dissolve at thattemperature

Solution containing more solute than a saturated solutionwill hold at that temperature

a concentration unit that usesmass of the solute and mass of solution

a concentration unit that usesmoles of the solute and Liters of solution

the process of adding solvent to asolution to lower the concentration of solute.

• Acid – proton donor
• Base – proton acceptor

• a scale to measure the acidity of asample
• or
• Logarithmic scale of theacidity of a solution

• Liquid indicators
• Universal indicator
• Paper Indicators (litmus paper)
• pH meters or pH probes

The number of times abase must be multiplied by itself toreach a given number

Logarithmic scale of thealkalinity of a solution

A technique in which a solution of knownconcentration (standardized solution) is used todetermine the concentration of another solution

A solution in which the concentration is accuratelyknown

When there is no reactant left over—all reactants havereacted and the solution contains only products

Paper or liquid that changes color based on pHlevel.

A plot of pH of solution versus volume of titrantadded to a given solution

A device used for the accurate measurement of thedelivery of a given volume of liquid or solution.