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PROBLEMS WITH HORNER'S RESEARCH ON FEAR OF SUCCESS
1. Taps awareness of negative outcomes of success, not fear
2. Taps discomfort with gender-role incongruent behavior, not fear
3. No fear of success when stories provide no extraneous situational info
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WHY ARE FEMALES MORE RESPONSIVE TO EVALUATIVE FEEDBACK?
- SELF-CONSTRUAL:
- Females have an interdependent self-construal - more concerned about social harmony and responding to others.
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WHY ARE THERE LOWER LEVELS OF SELF-ESTEEM AMONG FEMALES?
1. GENDER ROLES
2. IMBALANCED CROSS-SEX INTERACTIONS
3. DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT IN SCHOOL
4. DIFFERENTIAL ATHLETIC INVOLVEMENT
5. VIOLENCE
- 6. APPEARANCE
- "Normative Discontent"
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TOP 5 CAUSES OF DEATH IN CANADA
1. CANCER
2. HEART DISEASE
3. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
4. CHRONIC LOWER RESPIRATORY DISEASE
5. ACCIDENTS/INJURIES
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SEX DIFF. IN HEALTH:
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
1. GENES
2. HORMONES
3. IMMUNE SYSTEM
4. CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIVITY
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SEX DIFF. IN HEALTH:
HEALTH BEHAVIORS
1. PREVENTIVE HEALTH CARE
2. SMOKING
3. ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE
4. OVERWEIGHT/OBESITY/EXERCISE
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SEX DIFF. IN HEALTH:
GENDER
1. JOBS
2. RISKY BEHAVIOR
3. NURTURANT ROLE
- 4. GENDER-RELATED TRAITS
- Agency, unmitigated agency, communion, unmitigated communion
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WHY ARE FEMALES LESS SUCCESSFUL AT QUITTING SMOKING?
1. DEPRESSION
2. SENSORY ADDICTION
3. WEIGHT GAIN
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WHY ARE THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL WORSE FOR FEMALES?
1. WATER:FAT RATIO
2. STOMACH ENZYMES
3. OVARIAN HORMONES
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WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF OBESITY?
- 1. GYNOID OBESITY
- Fat in hip regions; common for females
- 2. ANDROID OBESITY
- Fat in abdominal region; common for males
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WHY DO SEX DIFF. IN DEPRESSION EMERGE IN ADOLESCENCE?
1. GENDER INTENSIFICATION
2. PUBERTY
3. BODY IMAGE - "Body Objectification Theory"
4. PEER/FAMILY RELATIONS
5. SELF-ESTEEM
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WHAT ACCOUNTS FOR SEX DIFF. IN DEPRESSION?
- 1. HORMONES
- Testosterone, female hormonal system, oxytocin
2. LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
3. ATTRIBUTION STYLES
- 4. COPING
- Social support, rumination
5. STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS
6. GENDER-RELATED TRAITS
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RISK FACTORS FOR EATING DISORDERS
1. GENES
2. DEMOGRAPHICS
3. FEMALE GENDER ROLE
4. PSYCHOLOGY
- 5. SOCIETAL FACTORS
- Body dysmorphia, muscle dysmorphia
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RISK FACTORS FOR SUICIDE
1. DEPRESSION
2. MARITAL STATUS
3. UNEMPLOYMENT
4. SOCIAL STATUS
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SEX DIFF. IN MENTAL HEALTH:
METHODOLOGICAL FACTORS
1. CLINICIAN BIAS
2. RESPONSE BIAS
3. CRITERIA BIAS
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PRINCIPLES OF FEMINIST THERAPY
1. Personal and social identities are interdependent
2. Personal = political
3. Egalitarian therapist-client relationship
4. Valuing female perspectives
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GOALS OF EQUALITY MOVEMENTS
1. Greater flexibility in social construction of gender
2. Gender equality in relationship power
3. Gender equality in organizational power
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WHAT IS THE GDI AND GEM?
- GDI
- Sex disparities in life expectancy, literacy, purchasing power
- GEM
- Women's politica, economic, and professional advancement
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MODELS OF MULTIPLE ROLES
- 1. FUNCTIONALIST
- Men = breadwinners; Women = housewives
2. PSYCHOANALYTIC
3. EVOLUTIONARY
4. ROLE EXPANSION
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ROLE OF RUMINATION IN DEPRESSION
1. Interferes with problem-solving
2. Increases access to negative thoughts
3. Attributes negative events to stable, global causes
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WHY IS PTSD MORE COMMON IN FEMALES?
1. Sexual assault is more traumatic than other kinds of trauma
2. Females experience trauma more severely (?)
3. Males exhibit PTSD through externalizing behaviours that differ from diagnostic criteria
4. Females engage in cognitive/behavioral responses that result in PTSD
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