fluidlytelabs

• 3.5 - 5 meq =NORMAL
• < 3.5 HYPOKALEMIA diarrhea, vomiting, diuretic therapy
• >5 meq HPERKALEMIA burns, renal failure

• NORMAL: 8.9-10.1 mg/dL
• HYPOCALCEMIA: <8.9 mg/dl (acute pancreatitis)
• HYPERCALCEMIA: >10.1 mg/dl (hyperparathyroidism)

• NORMAL: 4.4 -5.3 mg/dl
• HYPOCALCEMIA: <4.4 massive transfusion
• HPERCALCEMIA:>5.3 Acidosis

• NORMAL: 2.5-4.5 mg/dl, or 1.8-2.6 meq/L
• HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA: <2.5 mg or 1.8 meq diabetic ketoacidosis
• HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA: >4.5 or 2.6 meq renal insufficiency

• NORMAL: 1.5 -2.5 meq/l
• HYPOMAGNESEMIA: <1.5 meq malnutrition
• HYPERMAGNESEMIA >2.5 renal failure

• NORMAL: 98-108 meq/l
• HYPOCHLOREMIA: <98 prolonged vomiting
• HYPERCHLOREMIA: >108 hypernatremia

• pH: 7.35-7.45
• PaCo2: 35-45 mm Hg
• Bicarb: 22-26 meq/l
• O2: >92%

Increase in Hydrogen ions, PH less than 7.35, carbonic acid excess, CO2 pressure increased above 45 mmhg.Causes: Pneumonia, PE, Aspiration, near drowning, COPD, asthma, emphysema, overdose, brain injury , chest injuryS/S: confusion, Lethargy, headache, convulsions, ABG abnormal, Pulse/ RR may increase or decreaseTx: May be mechanical ventilation, oxygen, breathing tx etc.

• PH<7.35, PCO2>45,
• HCO3 = normal,
• BE= Normal

• Metabolic: PH<7.35,
• PCO2= Normal,
• HCO3<21meq,
• BE<3.0

• PH>7.45,
• PCO2<36,
• HCO3=Normal,
• BE = Normal

• Metabolic: PH>7.47,
• PCO2=Normal,
• HCO3>29meq,
• BE>3.0

Carbonic acid deficit, PH>7.45 , decrease in H+ ions, CO2 <3mmhg

Causes: Hyperventilation, salicylate overdose, over-ventilation, brain stem injury, Hyperthyroidism, infections

S/S: SOB, light headed, LOC changes, fainting, blurred vision

Tx: Breathing into a paper bag, correct underlying causes

• Dry skin,
• Hypotension,
• Tachycardia,
• Low urine output, Increased urine Specific gravity,
• Dizzy/ weak,Thready pulse, confusion
• Dry skinWt. lossBP decreasesIncreased HRLow urine outputConcentrated urine Increased specific gravityDizzy/weak pulse

vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, fever, NG suction, bleeding, third spacing, anorexia, nausea

excessive intake of NACL, rapid administration of IV fluids, cirrhosis of liver, renal failure, & CHF.

Sudden Wt. gain, distended Jugular veins, tachycardia, bounding pulse, output increased/decreased, edema, rales/crackles

Lethargy, confusion, muscle twitching, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, seizure coma

NG suction, excessive vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, burns, hyperglycemia, dec.intake

muscle weakness, leg cramps, lethargy, N/V, Cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension

Excessive vomiting, diuretics, diarrhea, laxative abuse, deficient intake

Tetany (Most classical sign), muscle tremors, cramps, confusion, hyperactive reflexes, dysrrhythmias, diarrhea,

Deficiency caused by vit.D def., malabsorption (crohns), parathyroid and thyroid problems, Mg def.,corticosteroids, ERD

tremors, convulsions, arrhythmias, confusion resp.difficulties, leg and foot cramps

Alcoholism, malnutrition, diuretics, drugs (some antibiotics)

Pneumonia, PE, Aspiration, near drowning, COPD, asthma, emphysema, overdose, brain injury , chest injury. Can't blow off enough CO2