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What is the normal lab value and extremes for:
serum potassium(K)
- 3.5 - 5 meq =NORMAL
- < 3.5 HYPOKALEMIA diarrhea, vomiting, diuretic therapy
- >5 meq HPERKALEMIA burns, renal failure
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What is the normal lab value and extremes for:
TOTAL serum calcium (Ca)
- NORMAL: 8.9-10.1 mg/dL
- HYPOCALCEMIA: <8.9 mg/dl (acute pancreatitis)
- HYPERCALCEMIA: >10.1 mg/dl (hyperparathyroidism)
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What is the normal lab value and extremes for:
IONIZED calcium (Ca)
- NORMAL: 4.4 -5.3 mg/dl
- HYPOCALCEMIA: <4.4 massive transfusion
- HPERCALCEMIA:>5.3 Acidosis
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What is the normal lab value and extremes for:
serum phosphates
- NORMAL: 2.5-4.5 mg/dl, or 1.8-2.6 meq/L
- HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA: <2.5 mg or 1.8 meq diabetic ketoacidosis
- HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA: >4.5 or 2.6 meq renal insufficiency
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What is the normal lab value and extremes for:
Serum magnesium (Mg)
- NORMAL: 1.5 -2.5 meq/l
- HYPOMAGNESEMIA: <1.5 meq malnutrition
- HYPERMAGNESEMIA >2.5 renal failure
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What is the normal lab value and extremes for:
serum chloride
- NORMAL: 98-108 meq/l
- HYPOCHLOREMIA: <98 prolonged vomiting
- HYPERCHLOREMIA: >108 hypernatremia
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In ABG, what are the normal values...
pH:
PaCo2
Bicarb
02
- pH: 7.35-7.45
- PaCo2: 35-45 mm Hg
- Bicarb: 22-26 meq/l
- O2: >92%
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Respiratory acidosis:
Increase in Hydrogen ions, PH less than 7.35, carbonic acid excess, CO2 pressure increased above 45 mmhg.Causes: Pneumonia, PE, Aspiration, near drowning, COPD, asthma, emphysema, overdose, brain injury , chest injuryS/S: confusion, Lethargy, headache, convulsions, ABG abnormal, Pulse/ RR may increase or decreaseTx: May be mechanical ventilation, oxygen, breathing tx etc.
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Acidosis Respiratory:
Metabolic:
- PH<7.35, PCO2>45,
- HCO3 = normal,
- BE= Normal
- Metabolic: PH<7.35,
- PCO2= Normal,
- HCO3<21meq,
- BE<3.0
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Alkalosis Respiratory:
Metabolic:
- PH>7.45,
- PCO2<36,
- HCO3=Normal,
- BE = Normal
- Metabolic: PH>7.47,
- PCO2=Normal,
- HCO3>29meq,
- BE>3.0
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Respiratory alkalosis
Carbonic acid deficit, PH>7.45 , decrease in H+ ions, CO2 <3mmhg
Causes: Hyperventilation, salicylate overdose, over-ventilation, brain stem injury, Hyperthyroidism, infections
S/S: SOB, light headed, LOC changes, fainting, blurred vision
Tx: Breathing into a paper bag, correct underlying causes
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Hypovolumia signs and symptoms
- Dry skin,
- Hypotension,
- Tachycardia,
- Low urine output, Increased urine Specific gravity,
- Dizzy/ weak,Thready pulse, confusion
- Dry skinWt. lossBP decreasesIncreased HRLow urine outputConcentrated urine Increased specific gravityDizzy/weak pulse
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Hypovolumia RISK FACTORS
vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, fever, NG suction, bleeding, third spacing, anorexia, nausea
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Hypervolumia RISK FACTORS
excessive intake of NACL, rapid administration of IV fluids, cirrhosis of liver, renal failure, & CHF.
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Hypervolumia SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Sudden Wt. gain, distended Jugular veins, tachycardia, bounding pulse, output increased/decreased, edema, rales/crackles
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Hyponatremia
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Lethargy, confusion, muscle twitching, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, seizure coma
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Hyponatremia
RISK FACTORS
NG suction, excessive vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, burns, hyperglycemia, dec.intake
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Hypokalemia
SIGNS and SYMPTOMS
muscle weakness, leg cramps, lethargy, N/V, Cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension
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Hypokalemia
RISK FACTORS
Excessive vomiting, diuretics, diarrhea, laxative abuse, deficient intake
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Hypocalcemia
SIGNS and SYMPTOMS
Tetany (Most classical sign), muscle tremors, cramps, confusion, hyperactive reflexes, dysrrhythmias, diarrhea,
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hypocalcemia
RISK FACTORS
Deficiency caused by vit.D def., malabsorption (crohns), parathyroid and thyroid problems, Mg def.,corticosteroids, ERD
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Hypomagnesaemia
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
tremors, convulsions, arrhythmias, confusion resp.difficulties, leg and foot cramps
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Hypomagnesaemia
RISK FACTORS
Alcoholism, malnutrition, diuretics, drugs (some antibiotics)
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Common causes of Respiratory acidosis?
Pneumonia, PE, Aspiration, near drowning, COPD, asthma, emphysema, overdose, brain injury , chest injury. Can't blow off enough CO2
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