BBC Assignment

1. Quinidine: is effective for both atrial and ventricular tachycardias

2. Procainamide: Used for ventricular and SVT.

3. Disopyramide

Mechanism of action: Slow phase 0 of depolarization

Class IB antiarrhythmics such as Lidocaine, Tocainide, and Mexiletine

--> This class of drugs are suitable lfor minimizing and controlling abnormal arrhythmias that are generated from abnormal automaticity, not just faster normal automaticity.

Class IC antiarrhythmics.

Class II antiarrhythmics are beta-one agonists by suppressing phase 4. Therefore, they are particularly suited to treating sympathetically driven tachyarrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia.

For supraventricular tachycardia conversion. It increases cAMP.

Atropine blocks parasympathetic (vagal) activity therefore increasing heart rate.

For cardiac arrest. It stimulates the SNS.

It is used for refractory (unresponsive) bradycardia or third degree AV block

Dobutamine is a pure beta-one agonist. It therefore causes significantly increased cardiac output and is the drug of choice for cardiogenic shock (MUST BE USED WITH DOPAMINE)

Dyspepsia

1. Arformoterol

2. Formoterol

3. Salmeterol

Dyspepsia.

--> Montelukast contains phenylalanine

1. Beractant

2. Calfactant

Dornase is used for cystic fibrosis.

• ADRs:
• 1. Voice alteration

2. Pharyngitis

3. Laryngitis

4. Rash

Ipratropium is an anticholinergic.

Methacholine is used for diagnosis of bronchial airway bronchoconstriction in non-wheezing patietns with suspected asthma.

--> It may cause life-threatening bronchoconstriction.

• --> It is a strong cholinergic agents, activating the PNS.
• --> Avoid in pts with bradycardia, epilepsy, peptic ulcer disease, thyroid disease, or BPH.

• GLP-1 analogues:
• 1. Exenatide

2. Liraglutide

• --> It decreases appetite
• --> Increases pancreatic sensitivity such that increased levels of insulin are released.
• --> Decreases glucagon release
• --> Decreases gastric emptying
• --> Decreases hepatic fat content

1. Sitagliptan

2. Saxagliptan

Biguanides (Metformin)

1. Acarbose

2. Miglitol

Thiazolidinediones such as Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone sensitize skeletal muscle and fat tissue to insulin by increasing the number of receptors and glucose transporters.

• --> Glitazones may cause edema, weight gain, new-onset heart failure, and may exacerbate pre-existing heart failure.
• --> They may also cause a resumption of ovulation in previously anovulatory premenopausal women.
• --> All glitazones are hepatotoxic.

1. Nateglinide

2. Repaglinide


These medications cause increased insulin release by beta islet cells of pancreas similar to sulfonylreas.

• Pramlintide is an analog of amylin which is normally released by beta islet cells during insulin release.
• --> It works to promote satiety and decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis adn glycogenolysis.

Fibric Acid Derivatives increase amount of cholesterol secreted into the bile and activates lipoprotein lipase, thereboy mobilizing fats out of the bloodstream.

• 1. Clofibrate
• 2. Fenofibrate
• 3. Gemfibrozil

Methscopolamine is an anti-muscarinic agent that is specific to M1 receptors and so affects the stomach without affecting the heart, eye, and salivary glands.

Bismuth works to inhibit pepsin, increasing mucus interaction with necrotic tissues (it coats and protects the crater).

--> It is also toxic to H. pylori as well as many other types of bacteria.

Increased gastric carcinoids from a decreased HCl state in the stomach and increased gastrin state.

--> PPIs can also serve to indirectly increase gastric bacterial load.