-
endocrine organs may control actions by monitoring
blood levels of other hormones
-
a hormone that exhibit antagonism will increase the action of another hormone
false antagonism has an opposite effect
-
thymic hormones are involved in
immunity
-
steroids are synthetisized from
cholesterol
-
hormones may communicate with their target cell by
binding to an extracellular receptor, this mechanism is used by amino acid hormones
-
hormones may communicate with their target cells by
direct gene activation, this is the mechanism used by steroid hormones
-
a hormone can't affect all cell of the body, all major hormones circulate to virtually all tissues, but the hormones
influence only certain cells refered to has target cells
-
the hypothalamus regulates activity of the
pituitary gland
-
hypothalamus control anterior pituitary which release
adenohypophysis activity
-
hypothalamus release hormones from the posterior pituitary, name
neurohypophysis
-
antidiuretic hormone is inhibited by
alcohol
-
sympathetic nerve stimulation causes the release of epi & nore from
adrenal medula, is a neurally stimulated gland
-
the hormones of the thymus gland are essential in the formation of
immune cell
-
the pancreas is considered endocrine and
exocrine gland
-
T-lymphocytes are the ________
main cells of the immune system
-
T-lymphocytes mature in _____ stimulated by thymosin hormones
thymus gland
-
the secretion of melatonin followas a night-day circle becoming
high at night and low during daylight hours
-
the skin, heart, kidney contain cells or tissues that produce
hormones
-
the synthesis and release of most hormones are regulated by a
positive feedback system
-
blood levels of most hormones are regulated by a
negative feedback system
-
the target tissues for oxytocin are the smooth muscle cells of the
utherus, mamary glands
-
the utherus contracts and the mammary gland eject milk when
is stimulated by oxytocin
-
hormones are chemical sustances secreted into
extracellular fluids
-
major hormone classification are
amino-acid based and steriods
-
hormones are ''long distance'' chemical signals that travel in
blood and lymph throught the body
-
local hormones are released into extracellular fluid and affect only
adjacent cells in the same tissue
-
hormones that are derived from cholesterol are
steroids
-
steroids are synthesized from
cholesterol
-
steroid hormone?
testosterone
-
what hormone the kidney produce
renin, and erythropoietin but their primary function is excretion of body waste
-
acromegaly is a condition from the over-secreting
growth hormone, over growth of bones of the extremities and face
-
hormonal action is characterized by degrading and
removal of other hormones
-
steroid hormones influence cellular activities by
binding to DNA/ hormoneand forming a gene-hormone complex
-
symphatetic nerve stimuli are responsible for the release of
epinephrine
-
the preganglionic fibres of the sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to produce
epinephrine and norepinephrine
-
the actions of hormones on living cells does not include
alteration of the structure of the plasma membrane,
-
hormones change cellular function rather than
cellular structure
-
the adrenal gland produce
epinephrine
-
location of the adrenal gland
top of the kidneys, also known as suprarenal glands
-
the growth-promotion functions of GH do not include
increasing the rate of glucose uptake
-
the hypothalamus controls the secretion of the
pituitary gland
-
the metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled by
TH thyroid hormones,
-
thyroid hormones controls
the comsumtion of oxigen by all body tissues, by way of an increase in glucose metabolism
-
the secretion of parathyroid hormone is a good example of
humonal stimuli
-
hypophysis is another name for
pituitary gland
-
the declining levels of calcium ions in the blodd controls
secretion of PTH
-
the stimulus for producing insulin is
high blood glucose concentration
-
excess glucose levels in the blood stimulate
beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin
-
the transcription of new messengers RNA is a funtion of
steriod hormones
-
most hormones remain in the body from a seconds to a
30 minutes
-
ADH is synthesized by the hypothalamus and stored in the
posterior pituitary gland
-
the production of funtional thyroid hormone requires
iodine
-
has not endocrine function
spleen
-
parathyroid PTH control
calcium balance of the blood
-
cell clusters in the adrenal cortex mainly produce
mineralocorticoids that help regulate fluid-electrolite balance
-
hormone produce by pancreas
insulin, help to lower blood sugar levels, mainly after eaten
-
permissiveness is
when a hormone needs another to be fully effective
-
TSH is not a true hormone is a
tropic subtance, its a stimulating hormone, but help to release another hormone
-
neuroendocrine organ
hypothalamus
-
eicosanoids are not true hormones because they
act locally, not distal like true hormones
-
water-soluble hormones are coupled with
one or more intracellular messengers
-
hormone could enter a cell
thyroxine
-
how do protein kinases affect enzymes
they add a phosphate group to the enzyme
-
water soluble hormones exhibit the
shortest life
-
the normal endocrine controls can be directly over-ridden by the
nervous system
-
insuline-like growth factors stimulate the uptake of
sulfur
-
excess growth hormone can promote
cancer
-
hypersecretion of ADH not damaga the
pineal gland
-
thyroxin will not affect
spleen
-
iodination of thyroid hormones is mediated by
peroxidase enzymes
-
congenital condition that include mental retardation, short body, thick tonge and neck is due by
deficiency of thyroxin
-
osteitis fibrosa systica is due to
increase in the PTH parathyroid hormone
-
insulin enhances the membrane transport of glucose in all of the following tissue except
the brain
-
hormone suppress insuline release
somatostin
-
resistin is a hormone produced by
adipose tissue
-
cholecalciferol is a
steroid
-
hormones does the skin produce
cholecalciferol
-
C cells, calcitonin, reduce
blood calcium levels
-
The posterior pituitary stores and releases:
Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also known as vasopressin
-
hyposecretion of cortisol can cause
addisons disease
-
the general adaptation syndrome
resets the levels of controlled conditions in the body in response to stress
-
vasopressin is the same hormone as
ADH
-
A lack or decrease in insulin hormone receptors on cells can result in
type II diabetes mellitus
-
the endocrine system
releases chemicals, into the bloodstrem, produces effects can last for hours, can alter the gene activity of cells
-
epinephrine, melatonin, thyroxine are
amino acid
-
testosterone hormone doesnt no act via
second messenger system
-
what hypophyseal structure receives signals from the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal system
adenohypophysis
-
low blood glucose typically result in the secretion of
glucagon, thyroxine hGH but not PTH
-
hormone increase intestinal calcium absortion?
calcitriol
-
function of glucocorticoids
increase glucose on the blood
-
the _____ cells of the pancreas secrete insuline
beta
-
somatosin is secreted by
pancreatic delta cells
-
the general adaptation syndrome is activated by the
hypothalamus
-
tumor in the adrenal zona glomerulosa may cause hypersecetion of hormones, the C will
increase blood sodium levels
-
oxytocin is secreted by the
neurohypophysis
-
stress can cause the adrenal medulla to release
epinephrine and norepinephine
-
Diabetes insipidus (DI)
- is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely diluted urine
- caused by a deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-
Atrial natriuretic peptide
vasodilator & protein (polypeptide) hormone secreted by heart muscle cells. released by muscle cells in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart (atrial myocytes), in response to high blood pressure. ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure.
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