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Big Bang
- -All the mass and energy came into being
- -13.7 billion years ago
- -thought more as wave or a ripple on nothingness
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The total "amplitude of energy of our universe
10^69 J
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Why is the total energy of the universe actually zero?
The poitive energy represented by matter is cancelled by the negative potential energy represented by gravity
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The current temperature of space
3 K
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Hubble's Law
- -found that the galaxies were receding from us at a rate that was proportional to their distance.
- -the universe is expanding.
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Dark matter
- 1. unknown type of matter hypothesized to account for a large part of the total mass in the universe.
- 2. Appears to have mass
- 3. 25%
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Total mass of Dark Matter in the universe vs. The Total mass of Ordinary Matter.
-It is estimated that the total mass of dark matter in the universe is currently five times the total mass of ordinary matter.
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Dark energy
- 1. a hypothetical form of energy that exerts an ever increasing negative, repulsive pressure on the universe.
- 2. Dominant form of energy in atmophere
- 3. 72%
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When did the Sun collapse from a cloud of dust and gas?
4.5 billion years ago
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The energy of star formation
1. The lower the density of the cloud, the bigger it needs to be to initate collapse
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What does gravitational collapse result in?
1. results in a conversion of gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy of molecules and atoms, or heat
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How long will the Sun burn?
1. High mass stars burn brightly for millions of years before they exhaust their nuclear fuel. The sun, which is a relatively low mass star will burn for ~10 billion years
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Formation of the Solar System
Our solar system formed from a compositionally mature cloud of dust and gas that included mostly hydrogen and helium, but also heavier elements formed inside long-dead stars.
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Earth Interior Structure
- 1. inner core: dense, iron-rich
- 2. outer core: dense: iron-rich
- 3. mantle: less dense
- 4.crust: cool
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The “falling” of dense material towards the center of the Earth during differentiation did what?
- 1. released additional gravitational potential energy,
- 2. resulting in conversion to additional thermal energy
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How is heat from the interior of the earth transported to the surface?
- 1. Thermal convection
- -hot fluid rises,spreads and cools, then it sinks,causing hot to rise again
- -much more efficient at transporting heat over large distances.
- 2. Thermal conduction
- -heats transfers by vibrational and kinetic energy between adjacent molecules
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Earth's atmospheric composition
- 1. Nitrogen (79%)
- 2. Oxygen (20%)
- 3. argon (1%)
*80km thick
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Earth's ocean deepness
4 km
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Percent of Earth covered by water
70%
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Earth formed
4.6 billion years ago
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First sign of life appeared
3.5 billion years ago
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first fish appeared
- 500 million years ago
- - ostracoderms.
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first multicelled organisms appeared
650 millions years ago
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Humans appeared
2 million years ago
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oxygen first appeared
3 billion years ago
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