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Atherosclerosis is
- A. Thickening of the artery wall
- B. Hardening of the artery wall
- C. Loss of elasticity
- D. Responsible for 40-50% of Australian Mortality
- E. All of the above
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What are the risk factors of AS
Smoking, Diabetes, family history, obesity, gender, menopause & hypertension
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What is the initial start to AS?
Sub-endothelial fatty streaks followed by the gradual development of atheromatous plaques
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I’m a raised fatty lesion. I contain lipids of different
levels and debris that has occurred from cellular function. Fibrous tissue. Calcification. What am I?
- A. Embolus
- B. Thrombus
- C. Plaque
- D. Aneurysms
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Where can plaques occur?
Abdominal aorta, Coronary arteries, Popliteal arteries, Descending thoracic aorta, internal carotid arteries and the circle of willis
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What is the function of LDLs?
LDLs are lipoproteins that deliver cholesterol to the tissues that require it as a membrane structure and hormone precursor.
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What is transported in chylomicrons?
Dietary cholesterol and Triglycerides
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What part does the liver play?
The liver manufactures bile acids that attaches to the cholesterol and a carrier complex
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Which are the worse high levels of HDL or LDL?
LDLs
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In the coronary arteries if AS or CAD is present what may this lead to?
Angina, heart failure and Myocardial infarction
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Describe an arterial aneurysm?
A swelling of the arterial wall, which has been weakened by trauma, infection (syphilis), congenital defects or AS
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Name the 3 types of aneurysms?
Berry, fusiform and dissecting
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What is frequently the cause for acute occlusion?
Embolism
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Explain PVD?
Peripheral Vascular Disease is commonly caused by AS especially in the lower limbs due to atrophy of muscles and skin due to poor wound healing.
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What are a CVA and a TIA?
Cerebrovascular accident & Transit Ischemic attack
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Is it possible that the kidneys can be affected by AS?
Yes. Due to the reduced blood flow to the kidneys they responds by activating renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, leading to vasoconstriction and fluid retention, increasing BP.
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Explain DVT?
- DVT is deep vein thrombous.
- This can be due to immobility or post operative.
- The embolise travels back to the heart in dioxidise blood via the veins.
- To the right artrium
- Pumps into RV
- Pumps into pulmonary artery.
- Into the Lungs - If emboli is large it will cause death; if sml it will pass through and lodge in a smaller artery & cause AS later on.
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Name the 5 stages of Haemostasis?
- Vessel spasm - smooth muscle contraction - Reduce BF
- Formulation of platelet plug - Platelet release ADP & TXA2
- Blood coagulation (Fibrin clot) Activation; protein
- Clot retraction - Shrinkage of the clot
- Clot dissolution - Removal
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What does anti-thrombin do?
Inactivates clotting factors which stray from the injury site; slow down haemostasis.
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I am a drug that enhances the action of antithrombin. What is my name?
Heparin
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List the differences between Hyper and Hypocoagulability?
- Hypercoagulability - Increased platelet function, increased blood coagulation, treatment preventing and removing thrombi.
- Hypocoagulability - A platelet disorder, coagulation factor deficiences
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What does DIC mean?
Disseminated intravascular coagulation - To much coagulation followed by not enough; mass bruising
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How does Virchos Triad relate to Thrombis?
- Endothelial injury
- Avnormal BF
- Hypercoagulation
If 2 out 3 then increased risk of forming thrombis.
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Name the 3 drugs that are used in a Thrombis situation and state if they are a prevention or removal drug?
- Antiplatelet - Suppress platelet aggergration (Asprin) Preventative
- Anticoagulants - Reduce fibrin formation (Warfarin, Heparin(IM)) Preventative
- Thrombolytics - Break up thrombi (Alteplase & Streptokinase) Removal
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I am usually associated with turbulent BF and endothelial injury with the activation of platelets. What am I?
Arterial Thrombosis
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I am usually associated with stasis of BF and the activation of coagulation pathway. What am I?
Venous Thrombosis
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Name 6 ways to reduce cholesterol?
- Food
- Red wine - As it increase HDL's & decreases plaque deposition
- Olive oil
- Fish oil
- Medication
- Anti hyperlipidaemia
- Prevastin & Simvastin
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