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Each empties lymph into venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins
Thoracic duct
-
beginning of Thoracic duct
Receives from 2 lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk
Cisterna Chyli
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Lymph is propelled by
Pulsations of nearby arteries •Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics •Valves keep unidirectional
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circulate continuously among the blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic stream
T cells
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Reticular cells produce BLANK that supports other cells in lymphoid organs
stroma
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produce stroma that supports other cells in lymphoid organs
Reticular cells
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composed of dendritic and B cells, Where B cells proliferate and their progeny produce antibodies
Germinal center
-
solid, spherical bodies of tightly packed reticular elements and cells
Lymphatic follicles (nodules)
-
Embedded in connective tissue, in clusters along lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
-
macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris
Filter lymph
-
lymphocytes are activated and mount an attack (against antigens)
Immune system
-
nearly encapsulate the lymph follicles
Dendritic cells
-
extend inward and divide the lymph node into compartments
Trabeculae
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Two histologically distinct regions of lymph node
Cortex and medulla
-
houses T cells in transit
deep cortex
-
contains follicles with germinal centers, heavy with dividing B cells
Cortex
-
BLANK extend inward from the cortex and contain B cells, T cells, and plasma cells
BLANK contain macrophages, lymph flows freely
- Medulla
- Medullary Cords
- Medullary Sinuses
-
Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
•Cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets and debris
•Stores breakdown products of RBCs (e.g., iron) for later reuse
•Stores blood platelets
spleen
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two distinct areas of spleen
red pulp and white pulp
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in venous sinuses and splenic cords
•Rich in macrophages for disposal of worn-out RBCs and bloodborne pathogens
red pulp
-
around central arteries
•Mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions
white pulp
-
Differs from other lymphoid organs:
1. It functions strictly in T lymphocyte maturation & immunocompetence
2. It does not directly fight target molecules (antigens)
•The stroma consists of star-shaped epithelial cells (not reticular fibers)
thymus
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contains densely packed lymphocytes and scattered macrophages
cortex of thymus
-
contains thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles involved in regulatory T cell development (+fewer lymphocytes)
medulla of thymus
-
Simplest lymphoid organs
•Form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx
tonsils
-
Epithelial tissue overlying tonsil masses invaginates, forming
tonsillar crypts
-
trap and destroy bacteria and particulate matter
tonsillar crypts
-
concave point of tubular entry into kidneys
hilus
-
Fibrous protective layer (covered with fat)
Capsule
-
Outer portion of kidney
cortex
-
Inner portion of kidney
Collection of Pyramids
Medulla
-
Functional areas of kidney
Production of urine
Look striped
~8/kidney
LOBES
Separated by BLANK
-
Point of Collecting ducts
converging to Minor Calyces
Pupillae
-
Drainage from Pyramids
Minor Calyces (calyx)
-
Collecting duct of several
pyramids
2-3/kidney
major calyx
-
Funnel from
Major Calyces to Ureter
renal pelvis
-
Off Abdominal Aorta, take ~25% CO
Renal Arteries
-
Cortical radiate arteries (to cortex-most blood)
Interlobular arteries
-
Blood (plasma) is filtered in
Glomerulus.
-
Filtrate is run through tubes lined with cells that either reabsorb wanted substances or add more unwanted substances (to/from other capillaries).
Nephrons
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low pressure, very porous) Wrap around "urine tubes" to add/subtract from urine
Peritubular Capillaries
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Tuft of fenestrated capillaries (filter)
<3 nm diameter-filtered out
>5 nm (proteins) stay in blood
Blood to BLANK
- Glomerulus
- Efferent Arteriole
-
Mostly in cortex
-Short Loops of Henle
-Many meandering Peritubular Capillaries
Cortical Nephrons
-
at C-M junction
-Long Loops of Henle
-Peritubular Capillaries are few, long, & straight-
Juxamedullary Nephrons
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Peritubular Capillaries are few, long, & straight-
Vasa Recta
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Smooth muscle cells withgranules of RENINSense BP-Mechanoreceptors
Granular Cells
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Sense NaCl in Filtrate
Chemoreceptors
-
Sense Flow (via reabsorption) & cause constriction and dilation
Macula Densa
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