-
CD19
- signalling chain of BCR complex
-
Ig alpha and IG beta
- complex with BCR and mediate IC signaling
-
CD21
- - aka complement receptor 2
- - recognizes C3d fragments
-
CD3
- - aids TCR signal transduction
- (similar to Ig alpha and beta on a BCR)
- - deficiency leads to NO T CELLS, becuase they can not be properly made without CD3
-
IL-12
- - CD4 Tcell==> Th1
- - released by APC in response to EC pathogens and intravesicular pathogens that persist in the M0
- - INF- gamma also released from APC
-
IL-4
- - CD4 T cell==> Th2- B cell==> IgE
- - Released by APC in response to helminths and parasites
-
IL-2
- stimulates T cell clonal expansion
-
CD2
- expressed on commited double- negative T cell progenitor
-
CD34
- expressed on uncommited progenitor cell
-
IL-23
- - CD4 T cell==> Th17
- - released by APC in response to EC bacteria
- - will enhance neutrophil response
-
IL-6
- - CD4 T cell==> Th17
- - released by APC with TGF-beta in response to EC bacteria
- - will lead to enhancement of neutrophil response
-
T regs
- - induced by TGF-Beta
- - release TGF-beta and IL-10
-
Th17
- - induced by IL-6 and TGF- beta
- - release IL-6 and IL-17
- - enhance neutrophil response
-
Th1
- - induced by IL-12 and INF-gamma
- - release IL-2 and INF-gamma
- - act on m0 with persistant intravesicular pathogen and EC pathogens
-
Th2
- - induced by IL-4
- - release IL-4 and IL-5
- - act on helminth infections
-
cytokines that promoote eosinophil production and activation
- IL-3, IL-5, GM-CSF
-
IFN-gamma
- activates macrophages
-
cytokines of T4HS (DTH)
- - chemokines- m0 recruitment
- - IFN-g- activate m0 and increase release of inflam mediator
- - TNF-a and LT- local tissue destruction, increased adhesion molecule expression on local blood vessels
- - IL-3/GM-CSF- monocyte production
-
Blood agar
- pattern of hemolysis can aid ID
-
chocolate agar
- - prelysed RBC's
- - for organisms with difficult nutritional req
- - Haemophilus and Neisseria
-
Mannitol-salt agar
- - high salt inhibits most organisms
- - S. aureus can stand high salt
- - S. aureus fermentation of mannitol=> indicator turns yellow
-
MacConkey agar
- - selective for G- organisms
- - Lactose is sole CHO
- - pink/red colonies= lactase +
- - clear colonies= lactase -
-
Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar
- - selective for G-
- - lactose is sole CHO
- - lactose fermenters= blue/black colonies
- - non lactose fermenters= clear colonies
- - green metallic colonies= E. cole
-
Bile esculin
- - bile salts inhibit G+ growth
- - selective for Streptococci and Enterococcus
-
Hektoen enteric agar
- - isolation of enteric pathogens
- - fermenters= yellow/pink
- - nonfermenters= green or transparent
- - H2S producers= black
-
Cetramide agar
- Selective and differential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-
Tellurite agar
- selective and differential for Corynebacterium diphtheriae
-
Chromogenic agar
- -selective, differential and quickly visuallized
- - Listeria monocytogenes and S. aureus
- - phenotypes such as MRSA or MSSA
-
Coagulase tests
- agglutination= detect bound coagulase (clumping factor)
- tube= detect free coagulase
-
Thioglycolate media
- - has a O2 gradient
- - used to test O2 tolerance
-
minimun specimen labling
- patient name
- ID number
- Specimen source
- Ordering physician
- Date/hour collected
-
Serology test
- for organisms difficut or dangerous to cultivate
- track pt course of illness
- determination of immume status
-
Nucleic acid test
- very sensitive and specific
- useful for viruses
- can screen for >1 pathogen at a time
- tracking viral load to manage therapy
-
Antigen detection
- - antigen must be produced in high enough amounts to be detected
- - low sensitivity and low sensitivity (other confirmations are necessary)
- - very rapid assay (ie antigen detection for cause of meningitis)
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