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To calculate ∆S
S rxn = S(products) - S(reactants)
- Increase in entropy or disorder = +∆S
- Decrease in entropy or increase in order = –∆S
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Colligative properties
- 1. Depends on number of particles not mass.
- 2. Raises bp and lowers fp (antifreeze)
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A loss in weight from heating a solution occurs because...
Volatile components are released.
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Calculating energy lost to Ffriction
Energy dissipated by frictional force is equal to the force they are exerting times the distance over which they exert that force.
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Coherent definition (light)
Coherent light are light waves that are "in phase" with one another.
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Diffuse definition (light)
Light waves are widely divergent or scattered.
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An alpha glucose ring differs from a beta glucose ring at...
The C-1 carbon
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Nearsighted problem and correction
Image is in front of the retina.
Divergent lens for correction.
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Carbonyl, C=O (IR absorbance)
1700 sharp, deep
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Alcohol, OH (IR absorbance)
3300 broad, separate from CH
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Saturated Alkane, CH (IR absorbance)
2800 sharp, deep
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Carboxylic Acid, OH (IR absorbance)
3000 broad, overlaps CH
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Amine, NH (IR absorbance)
3300 broad, shallow
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Amide, NH (IR absorbance)
3300 broad, deep
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Nitriles, CN (IR absorbance)
2250 sharp, deep
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Specific Gravity formula
SG = Dsubstance/DH2O
D = density
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Taxonomy classifications and levels
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
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Gram Positive Characteristics
- Stain purple (high amount of peptidoglycan retains dye)
- Very thick cell walls
- Form endospores
- Single cell membrane.
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Gram Negative Characteristics
- Stain pink (bc the relatively low amount of peptidoglycan)
- Relatively thin cell wall
- Do NOT form endospores
- Contain two cell membranes (inside and outside of the cell wall)
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The ways for bacterial gene exchange
Transformation: take up DNA from surroundings.
Transduction: genes transfered via virus
Conjugation: sex pilus (other bacteria)
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Primary, secondary, etc. in O-Chem
Depends on how many are actually bonded to the atom in question.
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pH of blood
Just over 7 in a healthy individual.
Goes up with excess O2 and down with excess CO2.
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Blood flow through heart
- (VC) Vena cavae
- (RA) Right atrium
- (RV) Right ventricle
- (PA) Pulmonary artery
- Lungs
- (PV) Pulmonary vein
- (LA) Left atrium
- (LV) Left ventricle
- (A) Aorta
- Body organs
- Right atrium again
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Thickness of ventricular walls
Left ventricular wall is thicker and generates higher pressure upon contraction.
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Liver and pancreas are parts of what system?
Digestive
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Gallbladder function
Stores bile produced by the liver that digests hydrophobic fats (e.g. triglycerides)
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Medium needed to culture viruses
Tissue culture.
Intact cells with all intracellular mechanisms still functioning are needed.
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