-
Antinuclear (ANA) antibodies
SLE, nonspecific
-
Anti-ds DNA, Anti-Smith antibodies
SLE
-
Antihistone antibodies
Drug-induced lupus
-
Anti-IgG (Rheumatoid Factor) -> IgM against IgG
Rheumatoid Arthritis
-
Anticentromere
Scleroderma (CREST)
-
Anti-Scl70 (anti DNA topoisomerase I)
Diffuse Scleroderma
-
Antimitochondrial
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
-
Antigliadin, antiendomysial
Celiac disease
-
Anti-basement membrane
Goodpasture's Syndrome
-
Anti-desmoglein
Pemphigus Vulgaris
-
Antihemidesmoglein
Bullous Pemphigus
-
Antimicrosomal, antithyroglobulin
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
-
Anti-Jo-1
Polymyositis, Dermomyositis
-
Anti-SS-A (Anti-Ro)
Sjogren's Syndrome
-
Anti-SS-B, Anti-La
Sjogren's Syndrome
-
Anti-U1 RNP (ribonucleoprotein)
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
-
Anti-smooth muscle
Autoimmune hepatitis
-
Anti-glutamate decarboxylase, anti-glutamic acid
Type I diabetes mellitus
-
c-ANCA
Wegener's Granulomatosis
-
p-ANCA
Microscopic Polyangitis, Churg-Strauss Disease
-
mpo-ANCA
pauci immune crescentic glomerulonephritis
-
anti TSH receptor
Graves Disease
-
anti ACh receptor
Myasthenia Gravis
-
Cyclosporine
- Calcineurin
- IL-2 Inhibitor
- Transplant Rejection
- Nephrotox
- Mannitol diuresis prevents
-
Tacrolimus
- XFK -| IL-2 secretion
- Organ transplants, eczema
- peripheral neuropathy
-
Sirolimus (rapamycin)
- XFK -| MTOR -| IL-2
- kidney transplants w/ Cyclosporine
-
Daclizumab
monoclonal antibody against IL-2 receptors on T cells
kidney transplant
-
Azathioprine
- Inhibits nucleic acid synth
- precursor of 6-mercaptopurine
- used for glomerulonephritis and hemolytic anemia
- metabolized by xanthine oxidase
- aplastic anemia
-
Muromonab
- MAB against CD3 on T cells
- kidney transplant
-
Mycophenolate
- inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase
- prevents production of GUANINE
- Transplants, lupus nephritis
-
Infliximab, Etanercept and Adalimumab
- Targets TNFa
- Crohn's, RA, psoriatic arthritis and HLA-B27 seronegative arthropathies, ankylosing spondylolysis
-
Abciximab
- platelet activity
- targets glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
- unstable angina
-
Trastuzumab
HER2 Breast cancer
-
Rituximab
CD20 on b cell non-Hodgkins lymphoma
-
Omalizumab
IgE - type I hypersensitivity. Asthma
-
What secretory products are secreted from these cells?
G cells
I cells
S cells
D cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells
- G - gastrin
- I - CCK
- S - secretin
- D - somatostatin
- Parietal - intrinsic factor, gastric acid
- Chief - Pepsin
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : glycloysis
phosphofrucktokinase 1 (PFK1)
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : Gluconeogenesis
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
-
Rate limiting enzyme of :TCA (Krebs) cycle
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : Glycogen Synthesis
Glycogen synthase
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : Glycogenolysis
glycogen phosphorylase
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : HMP Shunt
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : De novo pyrimidine synthesis
Carbamoyl phosphate synthase II
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : De novo purine synthesis
Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : Urea cycle
Carbamoyl phophate synthetase I
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : Fatty Acid Synthesis
Acetyl-Co A Carboxylase (ACC)
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : Fatty acid oxidation
Carnitine acyltransferase I
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : Ketogenesis
HMG-CoA Synthase
-
Rate limiting enzyme of : Cholesterol synthesis
HMG Co-A Reductase (MOA of statins)
-
Mnemonic:
Hot T Bone stEAk
- IL 1 - fever
- IL 2 - t cell stimulation
- IL 3 - bone marrow stimulation
- IL 4 - IgE and IgG
- IL 5 - IgA and Eosinophils
-
Mnemonic: TLC For No one
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase and a-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Cofactors
- Thiamine pyrophosphate
- Lipoic Acid
- Co A
- FAD
- NAD
-
Name the Immunodeficiency: neutrophils fail to respond to chemotactic signals, high IgE
Job Syndrome
-
Name the Immunodeficiency: Adenosine Deaminase deficiency
SCID
-
Name the Immunodeficiency: failure of endodermal development
Di George (thymic aplasia)
-
Name the Immunodeficiency: Defective Tyrosine Kinase (BTK gene)
Bruton's Immunoglobulinemia
-
How does hexokinase differ from glucokinase?
Hexokinase - everywhere, NOT insulin induced, low Km, low Vmax
Glucokinase - liver and B islet cells, Insulin induced, High Km, high Vmax
-
When do you see Mallory Bodies
Alcoholic Hepatitis
intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions
-
Occlusion of IVC or hepatic veins - no JVD. Associated with pregnancy, hypercoagulable states, polycythemia vera and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
-
Describe the conditions associated with hereditary hyperbilirubinemia
- Gilberts - can't grab - no uptake of bilirubin
- Criggler Najjar - can't conjugate - kernicterus assoc - phototherapy and plasmaphoresis
Dubin Johnson - can't dump - can't excrete, grossly black liver
-
Due to backup of blood into liver. JVD. Caused by right sided heart failure
Nutmeg liver
-
+ ANA, anti-smooth muscle antibodies and anti-kidney microsomal antibodies
Autoimmune hepatitis
-
Rate Limiting Enzyme: Fatty Acid Synthesis
acetyl CoA carboxylase
-
Rate Limiting Enzyme: FA B-oxidation
carnitine acyl transferase
-
Rate Limiting Enzyme: Ketone synthesis
HMG CoA Synthetase
-
Rate Limiting Enzyme: Cholesterol Synthesis
HMG CoA Reductase (statin drugs)
-
What structures run through the cavernous sinus?
CN's III, IV, V1, V2, VI
-
Drug Suffix: "conazole"
Anti-fungals
-
Drug Suffix: "cycline"
Antibiotic - protein synthesis inhibitor (tetracycline)
-
Drug Suffix: "navir"
Protease inhibitor - HIV drug
-
Drug Suffix: "triptan"
5-HT 1B/1D agonists (migraine) sumatriptan
-
Drug Suffix: "ane"
inhaled anesthetics
-
Drug Suffix: "caine"
Local anesthetics
-
Drug Suffix: "operidol"
Butyrophenone neuroleptics (Haloperidol)
-
Drug Suffix: "azine"
Phenothiazine neuroleptics, antiemetics (chlorpromazine)
-
Drug Suffix: "barbital"
Barbiturates
-
Drug Suffix: "zolam" or "azepam"
Benzo's (alprazolam, diazepam)
-
Drug Suffix: "etine"
SSRI - Fluoxetine
-
Drug Suffix: "ipramine" or "triptyline"
TCA (imipramine, amitriptyline)
-
Drug Suffix: "olol"
B antagonist (B blockers)
-
Drug Suffix: "terol"
B2 agonist (albuterol)
-
Drug Suffix: "zosin"
a1 antagonists (prazosin)
-
Drug Suffix: "oxin"
cardiac glycoside
-
Drug Suffix: "pril"
ACE Inhibitor
-
Drug Suffix: "afil"
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
-
Drug Suffix: "tropin"
Pituitary Hormone
-
Drug Suffix: "tidine"
H2 antagonist (cimetidine)
-
Drug Suffix: "sartan"
Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB's)
-
Drug Suffix: "chol"
Muscarinic Agonist
-
Drug Suffix: "stigmine"
Anticholinesterase inhibitors
-
Drug Suffix: "mistine"
nitrosuria's - cancer drugs for brain tumors
-
Drug Suffix: "curium"
paralytics (rocuronium) - non-depolarizing muscular blockers - reverse with neostigmine
-
Drug Suffix: "statins"
HMG CoA Reductase drugs (cholesterol)
-
Drug Suffix: "gliatzone"
Diabetes - increase insulin sensitivity
-
Drug Suffix: "bendazole"
Helminth infections - "bendy drug for bendy worms"
-
Drug Suffix: "dipine"
Calcium Channel Blockers - nifedipine
-
Drug Suffix: "prost"
mifeprostine - prostaglandin drugs
-
Drug Suffix: "mab"
monoclonal antibody (infliximab)
-
Acanthocyte (spur cell)
- Liver Disease
- Abetalipoproteinemia
-
Basophillic stippling
- Mnemonic: TAIL
- Thalassemias
- Anemia
- Iron Deficiency
- Lead Poisoning * - most important
clumps of denatured RNA
-
Bite Cell
- G6PD deficiency
- Associated with Heinz Bodies
-
Macro-Ovalocyte
MegalOblastic Anemia
-
Ringed Sideroblast
Sideroblasts are normal, but when they are found with the ring - sideroblastic anemia
symptom of underlying disease from lead, drugs or genetics
-
Schistocyte aka "Helmet Cell"
DIC, TTP/HUS, Traumatic Hemolysis
cells are forced through fibrotic areas and sliced up
-
-
Spherocyte
Hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolysis
-
Teardrop Cell
Myelofibrosis
-
Target Cell
HALT! or THAL - Thalassemia, HbC disease, Asplenia, Liver Disease
-
Heinz Bodies
oxidation of iron accumulates - G6PD deficiency, a-thalassemia
Associated with Bite Cells
-
Howell-Jolly Bodies
nuclear remnants in RBCs - asplenia or functional asplenia (like sickle cell)
-
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Deficiency in porphobilinogen deaminase
acute abdominal pain, acute neuropathy, psych disturbance, dark urine
tx: heme and glucose
-
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Deficiency in uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase
Homeless Guy! "Uro" above like "Urine" smells
skin blistering, photosensitivity, tea colored urine, alcohol, excessive hair, hepatitis C
-
Lead Poisoning
GI, Kidney Disease, Microcytic Anemia
Deficiency in ferrochelatase and ALA dehydratase
- Kids - mental deterioration, basophilic stippling
- Adults - lead lines (dark lines on gums), headache, memory loss, demyelination
Tx: dimercaperol EDTA Succinyl.
-
Rate limiting enzyme of heme synthesis -
delta-aminolevulinic acid
-
Rate limiting enzyme of pyrimidine synthesis
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
-
What is this enzyme involved in? Where does it work in the cell? Where does it get it's nitrogen?
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
- Mitochondria
- Urea Cycle
- N - ammonia
-
What is this enzyme involved in? Where does it work in the cell? Where does it get it's nitrogen?
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
- Cytosol
- Pyrimidine Synthesis
- N - Glutamine
-
Lesch Nyhan Syndrome
Deficiency in HGPRT
retardation, self-mutilation, aggression, chorea, gout
Tx: allopurinol
-
SCID
Deficiency in adenosine deaminase
severe recurrent infections, diarrhea, failure to thrive, no thymic shadow
-
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
- defect in nucleotide excision repair of DNA
- can't repair thimine dimers.
1000x risk for skin cancer, hypersensitivity to UV light
-
Ataxia-Telangiectasia
defect is non-homologous end joining of DNA
sensitive to ionizing radiation, 1-2 y/o, immunodeficiency, gait ataxia, poor smooth pursuits vision
-
Bloom Syndrome
hypersensitivity to sunlight, cancer onset at 25
-
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC)
Defect in mismatch repair of DNA
-
What medication inhibits: ribonucleotide reductase? What step of De Novo Synthesis is it involved in?
Hydroxyurea inhibits
UMP -> UDP
-
What medication inhibits: dihydrofolate reductase? What step of De Novo Synthesis is it involved in?
Methotrexate and Trimethoprim (prokaryotes)
Folate Cycling
-
What medication inhibits: thymidylate synthase? What step of De Novo Synthesis is it involved in?
5-Fluorouracil
dUMP -> dTMP
-
What medication inhibits: inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase?
Mycophenolate
-
What medication inhibits: PRPP synthetase?
6-mercaptopurine (remember xantine oxidase activates this)
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