-
Macromolecules
- • Carbohydrates
- • Lipids
- • Proteins
- • Nucleic Acids
-
-
Carbohydrates
Building Blocks
-
-
-
Lipids
function
- Energy Storage, Cell membranes, hormones
-
Lipids
• Uniqueness:
- No 2:1 ratio!!! Long carbon chains with glycerol head
-
Lipids
Building Blocks
Fatty Acids & Glycerol
-
Proteins
function
- Structure, Helping chemical reactions, fight disease, cell transport
-
Nucleic Acids
Building Blocks
-
Nucleic Acids
function
- Information storage and messaging
-
-
-
What role do enzyme play in chemical reactions?
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions, but they only work well is certain conditions.
-
What factors Affect Enzymes?
pH, Temperature, Concentration
-
-
Trophic Level
2
- Herbivore or
- Primary Consumer
-
Trophic Level
3
- Secondary Consumer
- Carnivore
-
Trophic Level
4
- Tertiary Consumer
- Carnivore
-
Commensalism
Example
- One Benits other not affected
- Barnackle and humback whale
-
Mutualism
Example
- Both species benefit
- Clownfish and Anemone
-
Parasitism
Example
- One benefits one Doesn’t
- Tape worms
-
Sketch exponential growth
-
¢ What stops exponential growth?
limiting factor
-
-
What defines when logistic growth levels out?
carrying capacity
-
Density dependent
Strong when a population is a certain density
-
Density independent
Effects all populations
-
¨ Which of the following is PROKARYOTIC?
a) Human cell
b) Paramecium
c) Viruses
d) Bacteria
d
-
¨ Which of the following does not have cell walls?
a) Animal cells
b) Bacteria cells
c) Plant cells
a
-
what major cell part do prokaryotic cells lack?
-
An organelle is defined as
a) A cell part that has no obvious function
b) An organ inside of a midget
c) A structure in a cell that has a specific function
d) The tissue that makes up our organs
c
-
If the ocular lens is 40x and the objective lens is 10x what is the overall magnification?
400x
-
¨ The advantage of using a light microscope is
a) Having greater resolution than electron microscopes
b) View the reactions going on inside of living cells
c) It is the most powerful microscope you can buy
d) Magnifies things 100,000 times
a
-
¨ Cells are
a) Independently living things in humans
b) The smallest thing that exists on Earth
c) The smallest unit of life
d) In everything – including viruses
c
-
¨ To function efficiently a cell must be
a) Large
b) Medium
c) Small
d) On steroids
c
-
¨ As volume increases in a cell, the surface area
a) Increases at the same rate
b) Increases at a slower rate
c) Increases at a faster rate
d)  Remains the same
b
-
¨ What type of molecules are the orange dots with tails?
a) Carbohydrate
b) Phospholipid
c) Protein
d) Nucleic acid
b
-
¨ As volume increases in a cell, the surface area
a) Increases at the same rate
b) Increases at a slower rate
c) Increases at a faster rate
d) Remains the same
b
-
¨ What type of molecules are the orange dots with tails?
a) Carbohydrate
b) Phospholipid
c) Protein
d) Nucleic acid
b
-
what part of the membrane is “hydrophobic”?
-
¨ What type of molecules are the purple things that act as drawbridges into and out of the cell?
a) Carbohydrate
b) Lipid
c) Protein
d) Nucleic acid
c
-
what does “selectively permeable” mean and why is it important to cells?
- Only allowing some molecules in
-
¨ The lipids that form the cell membrane are known as
a) Glycolipids
b) Proteolipids
c) Phospholipids
d) Nucleolipids
c
-
¨ The cell membrane is “selectively permeable” which means…
a) Nothing can get into or out of the cell
b) Some things are allowed through
c) Everything can move through except water
d) Items can only move through the cell membrane one direction at a time
b
-
Cell membrane
Outside covering
-
Nucleus
Pink Blob in Middle
-
What cell parts are in plant cells but not animals
Cell wall, Chloroplasts, Central Vacuole
-
Name the 3 other parts of a prokaryotic cell
- DNA, ribosomes, cell wall, membrane, flagella
-
Structure that controls what enters and leaves cell in order to maintain homeostasis
Cell membrane
-
Jelly stuff that fills up cell
Cytoplasm
-
The control center of the cell
Nucleus
-
Outside barrier in plants and bacteria
Cell Wall
-
Which of the following DOES NOT require energy?
a) Sodium potassium pump
b) Active transport
c) Endocytosis
d) Osmosis
d
-
¨ Because of diffusion, the concentration of substances in the air
a) Form clouds and rise
b) Spread out evenly
c) Condense and precipitate
b
-
¨ Diffusion is a type of
a) Active transport
b) Passive transport
c) Endocytosis
d) Facilitated diffusion
b
-
Osmosis is diffusion of
Water
-
¨ Diffusion cannot occur in:
A.Plants
B.Boiling water
C.Membranes
D.Solids
d
-
isotonic
Particles concentration is the same inside and out
-
hypertonic
fluid outside cell has higher particle concentration
-
What happens to the cell in hypertonic solution
shrinks
-
hypotonic
- fluid outside cell has lower particle concentraton
-
What happens to the cell in hypotonic solution
-
H2o moves ____ the gradient
- down toward most particles
-
¨ When food coloring disperses in a cup of water that is an example of
a) Active transport
b) Diffusion
c) Endocytosis
d) Osmosis
b
-
Sugar molecules which are too big to move across cell membrane move by
a) Exocytosis
b) Osmosis
c) Ion channels
d) Facilitated diffusion
d
-
¨ When does transport require energy?
a) When it goes with the concentration gradient
b) When it goes from low to high concentration
c) When it goes from high to low concentration
d) Always
b
-
¨ When a cell uses energy to engulf something outside of the cell by surrounding it with it’s cell membrane it is called
a) Endocytosis
b) Phagocytosis
c) Exocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
a
-
Who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection?
-
What was the name of Darwins book?
On the Origin of Species
-
Natural selection
- Traits best suited in a population increase
-
-
Adaptation
- Heritable characteristic that is well suited to environment
-
-
Vestigial Structures
- Reduced in size, no longer seem to function
-
Homologous Structures
Similar structures
-
What is artificial selection?
Selecting organisms with desired traits to breed to increase those traits
-
How did Artificial selection influence Darwin’s thinking?
Demonstrates how heritable traits can change over time
-
Give an example of an organism produced by artificial selection
Corn, domesticated animals, flower varieties
-
How does natural selection account for the diversity of organisms on the Galapagos islands?
The island environments varied, so organisms with different traits were better suited for different islands.
-
How did Darwin explain the similarity between the various finch species on the Galapagos islands & mainland S.America?
They all shared a common ancestor from the mainland
-
Traits increase or decrease in a population because the ___________________ increase or decrease.
-
What is shown in this picture?
Homologous structures
-
What is their significance?
Similarities of structure among organisms supports their relatedness.
-
How does the fossil record provide evidence of evolution?
- • Shows links between species
- • Direct evidence of past life forms
- • Older rock has different species than newer rock
- • Shows change in species over time
-
Give some examples of vestigial structures
• Whale pelvis, human appendix, cave fish blind eyes, wings of flightless birds
-
How does the presence of vestigial structures support evolution?
• These structures are remnants of once functioning structures in ancestors, demonstrating change in species over time
-
What is adaptive radiation?
- • Single species evolves over a relatively
- short time into several forms that live in different ways
-
Give an example of adaptive radiation
-
What is speciation?
- • Process of forming a new species
-
How can reproductive isolation lead to speciation?
- • populations that don’t interbreed can become increasingly different until they are distinct species
-
What can lead to reproductive isolation?
- – Geographical isolation-physical separation
- – behavioral isolation-behaviors prevent mating
- – temporal isolation-timing prevents mating
-
What is the difference between the two chromatids in a replicated chromosome?
-
What is the relationship between DNA, genes and chromosomes?
A. DNA is packaged into genes, which contain segments called chromosomes.
B. Genes are packaged into DNA, which contains chromosomes.
C. DNA is packaged into chromosomes, which contain segments called genes.
D. Chromosomes are packaged into DNA, which contains genes.
- C. DNA is packaged into chromosomes, which contain segments called genes.
-
diploid,
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
Body
-
somatic
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
Body
-
46 chromosomes
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
Body
-
mitosis
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
Body
-
2n
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
Body
-
1n,
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
Egg & sperm cells
-
haploid,
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
egg and sperm cells
-
gamete
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
egg and sperm cells
-
23 chromosomes
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
egg and sperm cells
-
meiosis,
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
egg and sperm cells
-
Body cells
Egg & sperm cells Body cells
egg and sperm cells
-
If the parent cell had 8 chromosomes, how many chromosomes should be in each gamete?
-
Nondisjunction
- failure of homologous chromosomes to separate
-
Who was the Father of Genetics?
-
What were Gregory Mendals laws?
- Law of dominance
- Law of segregation
- Law of independent assortment
-
Law of dominance-
one allele may show up over another
-
Law of segregation
- gametes receive one allele for each trait
-
Law of independent assortment
- the segregation of one allele doesn’t influence another
-
Genotype ratio
- Homo Dominate: Heterozygous: Homo Recessive
-
-
polygenic
- traits controlled by more than one gene.
-
mRNA function
- Carries DNA code to ribosome
-
tRNA- function
- Transfers amino acids to ribosome
-
-
What are the 4 steps in creating recombinant DNA?
- • Cut-cut DNA with restriction enzymes
- • Insert-into a vector (like a plasmid)
- • Clone-reproduce
- • Screen- check for successful recombination
-
-
-
Hind III Enzyme cuts what
-
Gel electrophoresis
- can be used to sort fragments of DNA
-
What process is shown in the picture?
-
GM organisms
Benefits
- • Cheaper
- • More plentiful
- • Added nutrition
- • Higher yields
-
GM organisms
Risks
- • No long term testing
- • Disrupt natural ecosystems
- • Not affordable to small farms
-
Label the parts of ATP
- Phosphate
- Adenine
- Ribosome
-
Where does the energy to make more ATP come from?
- The breakdown of organic compounds (food)
-
Which of the following cannot perform photosynthesis?
• A. Producers
• B. Autotrophs
• C. Heterotrophs
• D. Plants
-
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
- Water + carbon dioxide + energy → oxygen + glucose
-
Name and label the organelle that enables photosynthesis to occur.
-
What is the name of the green pigment inside the chloroplast?
-
Which parts of the leaf contain chloroplasts? Name & label them.
- Palisade mesophyll
- Spongy mesophyll
- Guard cells
-
Which part of the leaf allows for gas exchange?
-
In which organelle does cellular respiration occur?
-
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
- Oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy
-
Which organisms perform cellular respiration?
-
• Aerobic means _________________. This type of respiration produces __________ energy per molecule of glucose.
-
__________________ means without oxygen. This type of respiration produces ________ energy per molecule of glucose.
-
• Another term for anaerobic respiration is _________________.
|
|
