Igneous rocks that formed slow below the surface are called
Plutonic-itntusive rocks
Mt. Saint Helens, Mt. Pinatubo and other explosive volcanoes have magmas that are ________ in composition.
Intermediate- felsic
a tabular igneos intrusive body that cuts across other rocks is called a
dike
small steep sided volcanoes built up of unconsolidated pyroclastic material (tephra) are called
cinder cones
igneous rocks that formed fast at the surface are called
volcanic-extrusive rocks
which of the following list contains only fossil fuels?
coal, oil, natural gas
the hawaiian volcanoes Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea are characterized by gentle slopes compose of numerous basaltic flows. These are examples of..
Shield volcanoes
intrusive igneous rocks commonly have_____crystals that volcanic igneous rocks.
larger
Bowen's reaction series is important because it
helps explain the mineral assemlages of igneous rocks
it helps explain the sequence of crystalization
it helps explain how a magma can change composition over time
most og the hydrocarbons within oil and natural gas are derived from the breakdown of organic matter from once living
plankton
coarse grained diorite is most similar in mineral composition to fine grained
andesite
aside from the possibility of a meltdown, nuclear power provides no other major problems or concerns
False
_______ are large intrusive (plutonic) igneous bodies consisting of many plutons.
batholiths
lava flows with blocky, sharp irregular surfaces are called
Aa
ancient underwater eriptions can be recognized in the rock record by the presence of
pillow lavas
the hawaiian island are an example of volcanism cause by a ____
hot spot
basalts typically form at
divergent plate boundaries, oceanic hot spots
which of the follwing is a nonrenewable resource?
coal
ropey lava flows are called_____
pahoehoe
important volatiles in magmas include
water and carbon dioxide
Mt. Pinatubo formed in which of the following geologic settings
oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary
the most explosive volcanoes, consisting of alternating layers of pyroclastic flows and solidified lava. that are found landward of subduction zones are called___________
cinder cones
the greatest hazard to human life associated with volcanoes is___
_____ are volcanic mudflows that can be very destructive
lahars
______ were erupted as blobs of molten lava that cooled into spindle (football) shaped rocks as it fell thtough the air.
volcanic bombs
_____is molten rock above the ground
Lava
most explosive volcanoes occur near______ plate boundaries
convergent
____flows can travel over 100mph killing everything in their way.
pyroclastic
when intruding magma melts the country rock (bedrock) and that material is added to the magma, this proceed is called ___
assimilation
_____ are commonly malleable, ductile and good conductors of electricity and have many applications.
metals
_____are large depression formed by collapse after a major eruption.
calderas
coal is the altered remains of ____
______ mineral resources include talc, gypsum and halite.
non mettalic
explain each of the factors that determine the natural of volcanic eruption. specifically relate these to the volcanoes eruptive history. (passive vs. Explosive)
example: Mt. St. Helen
-low temp
-explosive
-vescocity thick
-high pressure strata
Hawaii
-passive
-high temp
-fluid
- shield
define renewable and nonrenewable resources. Give at least 3 examples of each (excluding water)
Renewable: natural remplished over time sustainable long term
Ex: solor wind and biomass hydo electric
nonrenewable : which cannot be produced, grown, generated, or used on a scale which cansustain its consumption rate takes million of yeas to make
EX: coal petroleum, fossil fuel
discuss the early warning signs of volcanic eruption
earthquakes
tsunami
escretion of ash
sulfur water
gases
increase temp
discuss the formation of oil. be sure to include the sources of the hydrocarbons and the temp. ranges
diatons are presented along with planquenten and they are heated up between 90
and 160 degrees made of ocean setements
record from at least___ seismographs are necessary for determing an earthquake epicenter.
Three(3)
regional metamorphism is characterized by ____temperatures and ___ pressure
high, low
the ________ era is characterized by "age of mammals"
cenozoic
If there is 6.25% of the parent isotope and 93.75% of the daughter isotope presnt in a rock sample and we know the 1/2 life is 10 million years. how old is the rock?
*40 million years*
the potential for the a large earthquake on a fault segment can be evaluated based on
statistical data of post earthquakes
seismic gaps
an unconformity where sedimentary rock sits on top of crystalline basement rock (igneous and metamorphic)is called
nonconformity
_____wer responsible for the Northrige earthquake and the Coalinga earthquake
blind thrust fault
most of the damage done by earthquakes is cause by these seismic wave
surface(L & R) waves
the common effect of earthquakes include (the Loma Prieta earthquake illustrated these nicely)
ground rupture
liquefaction
ground shaking
landslides
the difference in the arrival times of the P and S waves on a seismogram
helps geologist determin the distance to the epicenter
seismic waves radiate outward from _____ as energy is realsed during an earthuake
the hypocenter (focus)
contact metamorphism occurs when
magma "bakes" the rock intrudes
regional metamorphism affects rocks
over large areas near convergent plate boundaries
you are walking on the beach and the water starts rapidly receding .. what would be the most reasonable thing for you go?
head to higher ground because a Tsunami may hit
strike slip Fault
reverse fault
normal fault
the unconformity where uplift strata is eroded with horizontal strata deposited on top is called?
angular unconformity
Rock :Gneiss
foliated and banded (pr) granite or schist
Rock: slate
thin platy, foliated, (pr) mudstone
Rock: Sandstone
lithified sand, beach or dune
Rock Travertine
banded calcite, cave
Rock: Marble
crystalline calcite, (pr) limestone
Rock: conglomerate
rounded pebbles, rivers
Rock: Coquina
broken shell fragmnts,high energy surf zone
Environment: shallow marine
marine fossils in limstone or sandstone
Environment: Dune
large scale cross bedding and well sorted sand
environemnt: Glacial
poorly sorted, non-stratified deposits, U shaped valley
Environment: River
gravel, sand and silt-fining upward sequence- Conglomerate and sandstone
The process where sediments are turned into sedimentary rocksis called
cementation
organisms are _____when they undergo permineralization and replacement
petrified
earthquakes that follow the main earthquake are called
aftershock
____are large seismic generated sea waves that can do major destruction
tsumami
segments on major faults where there was not been any refent earthquake activity are called seismic____. these areas have a high potential for a major earthquake.
gaps
the principle of ____________ states that "the present is the key to the past. it was proposed by ______
uniformatarinism
James Hutton
what should u do before, during and after an earthquake?
BEFORE: prepare by stabilazing big objects around the house, prepare emergency kits and come up with a plan
DURING: duk cover and hold
AFTER: call family member outside of the state to check in, localize gas meter and turn it off , aid those with serious wounds
Describe how the epicenter of an earthquake is located. Diagrams may be useful
the epicenter of an earthquake is located by the P waves and S waves. the P wavesis the strongest wave as it hits it creates little waves such as the S waves. Calculating the distance from each wave it helps locate the epicenter. need at least 3 triangular point
based on the videos and lecture comment on the earthwauke risk in each of the following cities a.) los angeles B) san francisco C) fresno. in your discussion discuss which faults near these cities create most of the potential risk for future seismicity?
A.) Los Angeles: high risk, Elysian Park, blind thrust
B) San Francisco- High risk, San Andreas fault blind thrust
C) Fresno : low risk, Hayward fault
The san andreas fault is at potential risk these cities for future seismicity
describe the difference between earthquakes intensity and earthquake magnitude. what does each one measure and on what scare are they measured?
the difference between intesity and earthquake magnitute is that intesity is damaged(mercalli scale) and magnitude is energy (richter scale) realesed. they are measured byt the seismic scale and seismograph.
the smallest unit of matter that retains the characteristic of an element.
ionic bonds occur when electrons?
are transfered between atoms
the most important group of rock formin minerals is the?
silicates
the man credited with developing the continental drift hypothesis is
Wegener
Scientist called tentative explanation or "educated guess" a?
Hypothesis
the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness determined by its atomic structure is called?
cleavage
the atomic mass of an element is equal to....
# of protons = # of neurons
minerals are classified into mineral groups based on
chemical make-ip
the main difference between oceanic and continetal crust is that continental crust is?
thicker, granitic (felsic) less dense
scientist's estimate that the earth is _____ years old.
4.5 Billion
which of the following describes the light refelction charachteristic of a mineral
luster
the _____,which consist of thecrust and upper mantle, forms the relatevily cool,brittle plates ofplate tectonics
lithiosphere
the resistance of a mineral to scratching or abrasion is called
hardness
Evidence of the big bang comes from the fact that light from distance galaxies appear to be___. this phenomena is explained by the Doppler Effect.
red-shifted
the earth's surface is protected from solar wind and cosmic radiation by ...
earth's magnetic field
subduction zones are commonly foundnear
deep sea trenches
oceanic-continental plates boundaries
wadati-benioff zones
the subdivision of the earth's that makes up most volume is the____ which is mainly composed of ____
mantle , peridotite
some early scientist thought that the earth was the cener of the Universe. This view was called a _____ model
Geoncetric
the terrestrial planets of rocky planets are
mercury
venus,
earth
mars
List and describe 5 pieces of evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics (and/or continental drift) (include some recent evidence)
1: acient glacier caps movement
2: acient coral reefs found in Africa and Other pats
3: fossils of animals who can't swim on other parts of world
4: jugsaw Puzzle with the continents that fit into place
5: different subduction areas located between Africa and SOuth america. Areas in India were the continent are pushing towards each other
What is a mineral? example
what is a rock? example
a: is any naturally occurring, inorganic substance, often additionally characterized by an exact crystal structure
example: Basalt
b: mixture of naturally occurring substances, mainly minerals
Example: quartz
Discuss how scientist's think the solar system formed?
scientist believe the solar system was formedby a supernova explosion that occuredin space. Different particles flew everywhere and gases. Seismic disc then formed by thesedifferent particles that formed a ball as it roated.Meteroid would hit the object andit later was compacted and everntually formedthe sun. soeof the excessive particles arre the explosion formed other planents
list 6 rocks and. or minerals and their common uses
1: granite:counter tops
2: copper: electrical wiring
3: diamond : to cut other diamonds and for mirrors
4: fluroide: tooth paste
5: sulfur: cosmetic or powder
6: pumice- rock to rubskin
Briefly define and describe the three major rock groups including which processes are involved in their formation. Give an example of one rock type for each group.
metamorphic- heat and pressure
ex: quartz
sedimintary- compaction and cementary
ex: conglomerate
igneous- cool and solidifcation of magma
ex: obsedian
_____ is molten rock that occurs at the surface
Lava
_____ is the earth system that consist of all the water on earth
Hydrosphere
compaction and cementation is called
Lithification
_____ was the supercontinent that existed at the end of the Paleozoic and consisted of all the continets together
Pangea
When oceanic crust is pushed under the continental crust and descends into the mantle, this process is called
subduction
the Hawaiian Islands are thought to have formed by volcanism associated with a
hot spot
Minerals or rocks that contain Iron and Magnesium are saidto be _____in composition
mafic
Deltas
streams enters standing water velocity deacres
Drainage basin (watershed
land areas that deain into a specific trunk
stream and divide
Drainage patterns
dendritic-branching “tree like” uniform
material
Radial
form a point uplift (mesa,volcano
Rectangular:
controlled by jointed rocks
Trellis
: alternating resistant and weak rocks
Engineering efforts
levees,Increase channel volumes, transmit
intensified flood problems downstream
flood
control dams:
hold water back from trunk streams
Zone
of saturation (phreatic zone),
:
formation, water not held as soil moisture percolates downward , water reaches
zone were all of the open spaces in sediment and rock are completl filled with
water
zone
of aeration (vadose zone):
area
above the water table , includes the capillary fringe and the belt of soil
