-
energy
the capacity to do work
-
2 types of energy and their forms
- kinetic: energy of movement -- light, heat, electricity
- potential: energy of position -- bond energy, battery, position
-
1st law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can change its form
-
2nd law of thermodynamics
energy is lost as heat when you convert it from one form to another form
-
entropy
the spontaneous reduction in ordered forms of energy, and an increase in randomness and disorder as reactions proceed [en "inside" G: trope "transformation"]
-
activation energy (Ea)
the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
-
exergonic
reactants have more energy than the products therefore energy is released [G: exo, "outside" ergonic, "work"... "releasing energy in the form of work"
-
endergonic
products have more energy than the reactants; energy is absorbed [G: endo, "within" ergon, "work"]
-
metabolism
all the chemical reactions in a cell
-
catalyst
- molecules that speed up a reaction without being used up or permanently altered
- only speeds up reactions that would normally occur
-
enzyme
- biological catalyst that increases the rate of a reaction
- enzymes are three dimensional proteins (tertiary shape) lock and key principle
-
chemical reaction for photosynthesis
6CO 2 + 6H 2O -----light/chlorophyll---> C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2
CO 2 reduced to sugar as e - and H + from water are added - H2O is oxidized when it loses e- and H+OIL=> Oxygen Is Loss of electrons
- RIG=> Reduction Is Gain of electrons
-
wavelength
the distance between crests of two successive waves of light
-
pigment
an organic molecule that can absorb light at a specific wavelength
-
anatomy of a chloroplast
- double membrane
- thylakoid discs -- light dependent reactions
- granum - stack of discs
- stroma - thick fluid surrounding stacks -- light independent
- lumen - thylakoid space
-
photosystem I & II
- a biochemical mechanism in plants by which chlorophyll absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
- I: (p700) -- wavelength of light is absorbed best at 700 nm (red)
- II: (p680) -- wavelength of light is absorbed best at 680 nm (orange)
-
light-dependent reaction.....
where is occurs
reactants and products
what it provides for light-independent reaction
- thylakoid disc
- light & H2O ==> O2
- 12 NADPH & 12 ATP to stroma
-
light-independent reaction.....
where is occurs
reactants and products
what it provides for light-dependent reaction
- stroma
- CO2 + H2O ==> glucose
- NAD+ & ADP to thylakoid disc
-
couple reactions
the release of energy from exergonic reactions provides energy needed for endergonic reactions
-
two types of cellular respiration
-
anatomy of a mitochondrion
- double membrane organelle that converts sugars into ATP
- cristae - where electron transport chain occurs
- matrix - where Krebs cycle occurs
-
glycolosis
where does it take place?
what does each molecule of glucose yield?
- cytoplasm
- 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
-
-
-
products of electron transport chain:
32 ATP
-
anaerobic respiration, plants vs animals
what follows glycolosis?
- plants: alcoholic fermentation
- animals: lactate fermentation
-
what type of bond holds together amino acids in proteins?
peptide bond
-
these 4 protein shapes gives each their function:
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quarternary
-
3 components of a nucleic acid:
- phosphate group
- 5-carbon sugar
- nitrogenous base
-
purines have which nitrogen bases for DNA/RNA?
how many rings do they have?
- DNA: adenine & guanine
- RNA: adenine & guanine
- 2 ring structures
-
pyrimidines have which nitrogen bases for DNA/RNA?
how many rings do they have?
- DNA: thymine & cytosine
- RNA: uracil & cytosine
- 1 ring structures
-
what type of bonds hold nitrogenous bases together?
how are they paired
- hydrogen bonds
- A==double bond==T (or U)
- G===triple bond===C
-
DNA
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- a double helix made of DNA nucleotides
-
gene
a segment of DNA molecule that codes for a specific trait
-
what pairing forms the backbone of a DNA strand?
phosphate of one of the nucleotides (5') binds with deoxyribose sugar of another nucleotide (3')
-
DNA replication -- step 1: DNA helicase (a protein)...
separates helix by breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases
-
DNA replication -- step 2: DNA polymerase (a protein)...
- this process copies a piece of DNA.
- the polymerase "reads" an intact DNA strand as a template [Reads 3' to 5']and uses it to synthesize the new strand [Adds 5' to 3']
- pairs free DNA nucleotides with parent strand
- bonds phosphate to sugar to form backbone to new strand
-
Okazaki fragments
short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are formed on the lagging template strand during DNA replication.
-
DNA ligase
a specific enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments - joins backbones of the strands
-
proteins are synthesized through these two processes:
- transcription: the synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA, in the nucleus
- translation: the synthesis of protein under the direction of RNA, in the cytoplasm
-
start codon
AUG (methionine)
-
stop codons:
- UAG, UAA, UGA
- U Go Away
- U Are Away
- U Are Gone
-
enzymes read DNA from _____ ==> _____
enzymes lay nucleotides from ____ ==> ____
- enzymes read DNA from 3' ==> 5'
- enzymes lay nucleotides from 5' ==> 3'
-
3 ypes of RNA:
- messenger RNA (mRNA): carries the code for a protein-coding gene from DNA to ribosomes
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA): combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the structures that link amino acids to form a protein
- transfer RNA (tRNA): carries amino acids to the ribosomes
|
|
