final pathophys/pharm - general

Science of drugs including their orientation, composition, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic use, and toxicology

Chemical that affects the psychological process of living organism

nonproprietary; given by US gov

• 1. Plants
• 2. Animals and Humans
• 3. Minerals
• 4. Chemical substance

drug manufacture must list dangerous and addictive substances

• 1. drug
• 2. time
• 3. patient
• 4. route
• 5. dose
• 6. documentation

Prohibit fraudulant claims - can't say it does something it doesn't

legal term narcotic; regulate addictive substances

metabolizes drugs

excretes drugs

• increased sensitivity due to
• physiological changes
• admin problems

recognize foreign substances and determine they are "non-self"

Key to immmune response= Lymphoid Organs!!

Primary cell = Lymphocytes

Neutrophils

First= Natural immunity- skin, mucous membrane, chemical barriers (earwax, fatty acids, tears)

• Second= Inflammatory response- local response to tissue injury; WBCs; neutrophils first... rapid, non-specific
• Third= Specific immunity, slow- memory, cell-mediated: T lymphocytes, Humoral: B Lymphocytes (can be indirect)

• Facilitator of humoral response.
• "Cascade-like" process

a class of immunoglobulins including antibodies that function especially in allergic reactions

Used to treat bacteria only!

TB, Salmonella, syphillis, and some forms of meningitis

• 1. Interfere with cell-wall synthesis
• 2. Interfere with protein synthesis
• 3. Interfere with DNA and RNA replication
• 4. Disruption of metabolic reactions w/n cell

• 1. Empiric- treat before bac known (haven't tested yet)
• 2. Definitive- bacteria is known, specific drug to kill it
• 3. Prophylactic- used to prevent

bacteriocidal-- kills offending bacteria

bacterial genes mutate

Antibiotic works by inhibition of cell wall synthesis.

• Broad spectrum antibiotic
• Interferes with protein synthesis
• Most common side effect is stomatitis

• first totally "man-made" antibiotic
• cannot kill bac, stops from growing
• often used in combination with others

• Work by disrupting fungal cells protein making machinery
• - Tends to affect immunocompromised ppl

goes through the whole system - not localized like nasal spray

• Thrombocytes
• 150,000- 400,000

platelet count less than 100,000

-increased susceptibility to bleeding

platelet count greater than 400,000

- hypercoaguability (blood is thickened) , can cause clots .

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia- Child
• Chronic Lymphocytic leukemia- Elderly men
• Acute myelogenous leukemia- adults
• Chronic myelogenous leukemia- adults

• 1. Infections
• 2. Hemorrhage

• to few RBC. (less than 3.6 in women and 4.2 in men)
• a symptom more than a disease need to find out why

Causes: excessive blood loss, RBC destruction, decreased RBC production, bone marrow failure,

• Grow slowly in a well defined capsule.
• Well-differentiated (resemble origin)
• Non invasive and do not metastasize
• Reoccurence is rare and only fatal if left untreated

• Grow rapidly
• Non-incapsulated so able to invade and spread (metastasize)
• Poorly differentiated- looks nothing like tissue origin
• Almost always fatal

• Change in bowel or bladder
• A sore that won't heal
• Unusual bleeding or discharge
• Thickening or lumps
• Indegestion
• Obvious change in mole
• Nagging cough or hoarsness

• I = Well differentiated (look like origin)
• II = Moderately differentiated (less resemblance)
• III= Poorly Differentiated (minimal resemblance)
• IV= Very Poorly Differentiated ( NO resemblance to origin)

• Drugs to treat cancer. Non-specific (effects all cells in body).
• Goal = Kill rapidly mulitplying cells.

Kill cancer in TARGET cells by damaging DNA.

• Goal is for the body to develop specific immune response to cancer cells.
• An example is interferon--> Similar to a VACCINE

• NSAIDS: Ibuprofen and NSAIDS: anti-inflammatory, pain and fever reducer, (Aspirin antiplatelet)
• SALICYLATES
• ACETAMINOPHEN

• ~Schedule II
• ~Esp effective againts cont. dull chronic pain
• ~Binds with Mu and Kappa in CNS and alters perception of pain
• ~SE: veritgo, faint, lighthead, fatigue, SLEEP, N&V, ^sweat, constipation, hypotension, dry mouth, HA, ab cramp, nervous, confused, low UO, visual disturbances

HIGH potential for abuse

LOW potential for abuse

Sedative - produce calming effect -- reduce nervousness, excitability, irritability

Hypnotic - induce sleep

Major difference is degree of CNS depression produced

• Restoril- 1-2 before HS
• Halicon- also for psyc dist. !
• Dalmane- accumulation, "Hangover"
• Dripivan- Only IV -- Best with ventilated ICU patient

• Autonomic nervous system preparing the body to react to situations of stress or emergency
• "Fight or Flight"

• 1. Dopamine (intropin)- precurser of epi and norepi
• 2. Epinephrine (adrenaline)- principal blood-pressure-raising hormone also used medicinally as a heart stimulant, vasoconstrictor, & bronchodilator.
• 3. Norepinephrine (Levophed) - precurser of epi

• Sudden, excessive and disorderly discharge of cerebral neurons with alterations in brain function and LOC.
• Symptom of an underlying disorder.

• Epilepsy: recurrent seizures - cause not determines
• Grand Mal Seizure: most common "gen. tonic-clonic"
• Partial: brief alteration in brain function

• 1. Aura - sense of impending seizure
• 2. Tonic - muslce contration w. ^ tone
• 3. Clonic - alt contraction w. relax muscles
• 4. Postical - disoriented, amnesia

• Stabilize cell membrane by altering Na, K, and Ca transport.
• Dilatin and Tegretol - stabilize cell excitability
• Barbituates (Luminal) - inhibit spread of rep. neuron firing

• Parkinson's: Tremors caused by Deficient Dopamine
• Multiple Sclerosis: Painful inflammation caused by demylination
• Myasthenia Gravis: muscle weakness w/o atrophy caused by ACH receptor destruction
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Muscle weakness with atrophy. May be fatal in less than a year