INDIANS

Staying in one place -- like the Aztecs, Incas, or the mound builders near the Mississippi River

Moving for part of each year

Chopping down trees, burning down others -- women farmed, men hunted

Estimates about how many people were living in the Americas in 1492

Lived in the Andes, had a network of roads and bridges -- nonliterate

Centered in southern Mexico, built large pyramids and used engineering and astronomy

Warlike people who took over central Mexico in the 1400s

Europeans got mad at natives for disrespecting Chrisitian images and rituals and for human sacrifices

Europeans saw it as total destruction of the enemy

Native women farmed and had political power, men hunted

1519-1521 -- fought the Aztecs with native allies -- wanted lots and lots of gold -- built Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, helped by smallpox

1530s -- conquered the Incas, helped by smallpox

Gave Spanish settlers the right to demand labor from natives in the area -- similar to what the Aztecs and Incas did

Serfdom in Eastern Europe, Slavery in Africa and the Americas -- involved peasants in Eastern Europe and Africans and Native Americans in Africa and the Americas

Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Americas and Europe/Africa

Some of the diseases brought over by the Europeans in the Columbian Exchange

Europeans wanted deerskins, beaver belts/pelts, and slaves

Europeans thought it could be privately owned

Europeans wanted Native Americans to convert

People within Native American communities who were favored by Europeans and were given lots of goods to build alliances within their communities (so that they would support the Europeans)

Shells and beads used by Native Americans to record meetings and to express messages

Towns in New England where Native Americans who had converted to Christianity lived

The primary way Native Americans kept their stories and traditions alive

Children with mixed French and Native America heritage -- they served as intermediaries between the two groups

Christianity practiced by the English (they didn't like Catholics at the time)

Christianity practiced by the French and Spanish (they didn't like Protestants at the time)

Founded in 1607, first permanent English settlement in North America, in the Chesapeake

Lead Jamestown in the early years, harsh leader who made settlers farm (they were lazy!)

Like a corporation -- investors own shares

For every settler a colonist brought over, he would receive 50 acres of land in Virginia

Virginia's cash crop -- this is how the colony makes its money

Laborers who paid for their trips by working off their debts -- usually worked for five to seven years

System in which a small group of people hold power -- this definitely happened in the Chesapeake

Colony set up by Lord Baltimore for Catholics to control

Unbalanced gender ratios, short lives, lots of remarriages -- maleria, dystentary, bad water -- all causes

Sugar plantations -- tried indentured servants, moved to slaves after 1660 -- lots of deaths

First Africans in Virginia -- some were slaves, some were servants

Native American leaders in New England American Indian communities

Religious group that founded Massachusetts in 1629

Idea that people are either going to heaven or hell, and there's nothing you can do to change where you're going -- Puritans believed this

Main trading items for Massachusetts

Long lives, tight-knit families, not a lot of land

Puritan woman who challenged the church in 1636 -- banished to Rhode Island in 1638

War in 1637 over fertile land in Connecticut

Idea that power comes from a country's wealth -- More money = more power

Laws passed by England that regulated trade between England and its colonies -- kept the goods within the English empire

Said all colonial trade had to be on English ships

Special products that had to be shipped directly to England or another English colony -- sugar, tobacco

Wars fought by Iroquois to take captives and replace dead family members

Peace alliance between the Iroquois and New York

Towns in Massachusetts where Christian Indians lived

Fought over religion and land -- English used the Mohawks to fight against the Narragansetts and Wampanoags -- Puritans win

Testy relations -- many settlers want land, and the American Indians have land

Virginia settlers mad at the governor for protecting the AI, also mad at him for raising taxes

Leader of the rebellion, dislikes AI (kills all he can find), dies of the bloody flux (it is as painful as it sounds)

More land for settlers, fewer indentured servants, more African slaves

System of negotiation between the French and Algonquin-speaking Indians in the Great Lakes region from 1680s to 1750s. It relied heavily on gifts and broke down when the French stopped giving the native Americans enough gifts and the British had better and cheaper goods.

Happened when Pueblo Indians revolted against the Spanish because the Spanish priests were too harsh on them about converting. The Pueblos burned down churches and practiced their previous religion.

Religious revival in the colonies during the 1730s and 1740s that created more interest in living a more devout religious life. Many colleges were founded as a result of this event as people wanted better trained ministers.

1744-1748 -- Fight between Spain & France vs. Britain -- colonies were involved and the colonists captured the French fort at Louisbourg.

Area that both the French and the British wanted to have -- their fight over this area started the French & Indian War

War between France & Great Britain in North America from 1754-1763 -- the British won and took over Canada

British prime minister starting in 1757 -- he got the colonists and the British to work together

Won by the British in 1759, meant that Britain could totally cut off trade to the French lands in the Midwest

France is out of North America, British take over Canada, Spain takes over land west of the Mississippi River