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define pasteurization
present bacteria
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define hybridization
crossing two types
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define GMO
genetically modified organism eg, plants, animals, humans
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what was the first thing to be modified?
bacteria
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examples of gene modified bacteria
- medicines: proteins like insulin and growth hormones
- detergents: gene modiefied proteins breaking down dirt at a higher temperature, normal proteins
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define deoxyribose
5carbon sugar in DNA
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what is the nitrogeous bases in DNA?
Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
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Define nucleotide
phosphate + 5-carbon sugar+ nitrogeous base
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define mRNA
messanger from DNA to ribosomes, a copy of genes
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define transcription
formation of mRNA in the nucleus
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define ribosome
organelle, often on ER wher the protein is put together
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define anticodon
triplet of nitrogenous bases on the tRNA, fits the codon
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tRNA
transporter of amino acids to the ribosomes
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define translation
from base sequence on the mRNA to amino acid sequence
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define sex chromosomes
x and Y chromosome
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define autosomes
all chromosomes but the sex chromosomes
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define sex linked traits
gene placed on a sex chromosome
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define a linkage group
genes on the same chromosome
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define crossing over
exchanging DNA between homologous chromosomes
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define multiple gene inheritance
more than one gene responsible for a trait
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endosymbiosis
evolution eukaryotic cells
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define mutations
a mistake in replication the genetic information
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define migration- gene flow
is the tranfer of genes from one population to another
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define genetic drift
a random change is the fequency of genes
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define natural selection
will result due to adaption
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what are the condition for a natural slection to occur
- -variation
- -defensive survival and reproduction traits
- -genes and traits are inherited
- -overpopulation
- -change in evironment
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why can natural selection not fashion perfect organisms
- -there is no turning back
- -adaptions are often compromises
- -not all evolution is adaptive
- -selection can only edit existing variations
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define anatomy
building of the body inside and outside
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are lookalikes always closely related
- 1. closely related organisms are not always similar in appearance-small changes in genes can lead to major changes in appearance(morphological)
- 2. organísms that appear similar are not always closely related
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define convergent evolution
process of by which distantly related organisms develop similar characteristics
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define cladistic
- -also called phelogenetic systematics or phelogenetic taxonomy
- Based on three prionciples
- 1. groups of organism are descendant of common ancestors
- 2. at each mode (divergence of population) there are two branching lines of descendants
- 3. evolution results in modification of characteristics over time
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define food webs
climax systems, biodiverse
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what are the three components of biodiversity?
- 1. diversity of genes
- 2. the diversity of numbers specied
- 3. variety of ecosystems
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define ecosystem
- a self contained community of microorganisms, animals and plants that interact with each other in a physical environment
- within the ecosystem there can be many habitats
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define habitat
this is the physical and chemical description of where creatures lives
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what can habitats describe
- 1. the name of the place
- 2. the dominant vegetation
- 3. the type of place
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define intrinsic
something that has a value in and of itself
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define utilitirian value
the value something has as a mean to anothers end
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list 6 things we can get from biodiversity
- 1. oxygen
- 2. food
- 3. clean water
- 4. medicine
- 5. ideas
- 6. aesthetics
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heterotrophic
take in nutrients and use asan energy source
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define autotrophic
produce their own food
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why do animals behave?
- - to maintain homeostasis ( ur body is in a good shape)
- - in response to stimuli
- - external
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