-
Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans
Radical Calvinists against the Church of England
-
Northwest Passage
believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic to Pacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in the race to Asian wealth
-
Conversion Experience
required of members of the Puritan Church
-
Social Reciprocity
society naturally punishes criminals indiscriminantly
-
Church of England
Protestant church led by the king of England, independent of Catholic Church
-
Atlantic slave trade
often debtors sold to slave traders by African kings seeking riches
-
Jamestown
first permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607), along James River
-
John Smith
introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation, diplomat to local Native American tribes
-
Pocahontas
key to English-Native American relationship, died in England in 1617
-
Mayflower Compact
foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land
-
John Winthrop
Calvinist, devised concept of "city on a hill" ("A Model of Christian Charity")
-
"City on a Hill"
exemplary Christian community, rich to show charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs
-
Indentured servants
settlers to pay the expenses of a servant's voyage and be granted land for each person they brought over
-
Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
mandated the toleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even though Maryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)
-
King James I, King Charles
reluctant to give colonists their own government, preferred to appoint royal governors
-
William Penn and the Quakers
settled in Pennsylvania, believed the "Inner Light" could speak through any person and ran religious services without ministers
-
Roger Williams
challenged New Englanders to completely separate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church
-
Anne Hutchinson
challenged New England Calvinist ministers' authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism
-
The Half-Way Covenant
New Englanders who did not wish to relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saints so that their children would be able to have the opportunity to be saints
-
Bacon's Rebellion
rebels felt the governor of Virginia failed to protect the frontier from the Native Americans
-
Navigation Acts
only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports
-
Mercantilism
ensured trade with mother country, nationalism
-
Charles II, James II
tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures
-
William and Mary
ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies
-
Dominion of New England
combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one "supercolony" governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a "supergovernor"
-
The Glorious Revolution
William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures
-
James Oglethorpe
established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors
-
The Enlightenment
emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge)
-
Benjamin Franklin
connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation
-
The Great Awakening
began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country
-
Deists
believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws
-
George Whitefield
powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity
-
Jonathan Edwards
Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentance, wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
-
New Lights vs. Old Lights
New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights
-
Albany Plan of Union
colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, "Grand Council")
-
French and Indian War
French threat at the borders was no longer present, therefore the colonies didn't need English protection
-
Proclamation of 1763
prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth
-
Salutary Neglect
Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements
-
Writs of Assistance
search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling
-
Townshend Act (1767)
similar to Navigation
-
Sugar Act
increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs
-
Stamp Act
taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by colonists through their representatives
-
Stamp Act Congress
held in New York, agreed to not import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed
-
Virginia Resolves
"no taxation without representation," introduced by Patrick Henry
-
Currency Act
prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy
-
Virtual Representation
all English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote
-
The Loyal Nine
group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city
-
Sons of Liberty
organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom), advocated nonimportation
-
Declaratory Act
allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists' say
-
Boston Massacre
British soldiers shot into crowd of snowball fight
-
Committees of Correspondence
committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters
-
Tea Act (1773)
intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)
-
Boston Tea Party
peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians
-
Quebec Acts
former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in the Church of England
-
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
in reaction to the Boston Tea Party
-
Suffolk Resolves
organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain
-
Olive Branch Petition
politely demanded from the king a cease�fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts,. guarantee of American rights
-
Thomas Paine, Common Sense
stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution
-
George Washington
American commander-in-chief
-
Whigs (Patriots)
most numerous in New England, fought for independence
-
Tories (Loyalists)
fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy
-
British strengths and weaknesses
British citizenship outnumbered colonies', large navy and professional army
-
Colonial strengths and weaknesses
fair amount of troops, short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington)
-
Battle of Saratoga
American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne
-
Valley Forge
scarce supplies (food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben
-
Battle of Yorktown
last major battle
-
Treaty of Paris (1783)
full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland
-
American society during the Revolution
British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money, African-Americans and Native Americans involved
-
Articles of Confederation
states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments
-
Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786)
foundation for First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state
-
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in the new territories
-
Alexander Hamilton
pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushed creation of the National Bank (most controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party
-
James Madison
strong central government, separation of powers, "extended republic"
-
Shays's Rebellion
mistreated farmers, fear of monocracy, forced people to think about central government
-
Connecticut Compromise
advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state and representation in the House based on population
-
Virginia Plan
bicameral congressional representation based on population
-
New Jersey Plan
equal representation in unicameral congress
-
Commerce Compromise
congress could tax imports but not exports
-
Federalism
strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution
-
Changes in the Constitution from the Articles
stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simple majority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federal courts, easier amendment process
-
Elastic Clause ("necessary and proper")
gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution
-
Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion, more power to less-rich and common people
-
The Federalist Papers
written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison
-
Judiciary Act of 1789
established federal district courts that followed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction
-
Bill of Rights
protected rights of individual from the power of the central government
-
Bank of the United States
Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution
-
Report on Public Credit
proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts
-
Report on Manufactures (tariffs)
Hamilton praised efficient factories with few managers over many workers, promote emigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology
-
Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution
loose interpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress
-
Whiskey Rebellion
Western Pennsylvanian farmers' violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent
-
Citizen Genet
Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine
-
Impressment
British Navy would take American sailors and force them to work for Britain
-
Jay's Treaty
provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes
-
Nullification
states could refuse to enforce the federal laws they deemed unconstitutional
-
Federalists and Republicans
the two political parties that formed following Washington's presidency
-
Washington's Farewell Address
warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country, established precedent of two-term presidency
-
Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
response to French attempts for alliance with US
-
XYZ Affair
French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe in order to meet with American peace commission, made Adams unpopular among the people
-
Alien and Sedition Acts
meant to keep government unquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists
-
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
argued that states had the right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congress were constitutional
-
12th Amendment
required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates
-
Second Great Awakening
emphasis on personal salvation, emotional response, and individual faith
-
Election of 1800
Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost, Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to vote for Jefferson to break the tie
-
Barbary Pirates
North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtained fees from most European powers
-
Midnight judges
judges appointed to Supreme Court by Adams in the last days of his presidency to force them upon Jefferson, Marshall among those appointed
-
Marbury v. Madison
John Marshall declared that the Supreme Court could declare federal laws unconstitutional
-
Lewis and Clark expedition
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on "Voyage of Discovery"
-
Non-Intercourse Act
sought to encourage domestic American manufacturing
-
Macon's Bill No. 2
president has power to cease trade with any foreign country that violated American neutrality
-
Embargo Act (1807)
prohibited exports (and imports) based in American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation
-
War hawks
Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain (War of 1812)
-
Henry Clay and the American System
Henry Clay aimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g., support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)
-
John C. Calhoun
opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property)
-
William Henry Harrison
military hero from War of 1812
-
Battle of Tippecanoe
decisive victory in the War of 1812 by Harrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison's campaign for presidency
-
Hartford Convention
December 1814, opposed War of 1812, called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secede if their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern and western states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party
-
Essex case
Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention
-
Era of Good Feelings
Monroe presidency, national unity behind Monroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightened credit, affected West the most)
-
James Monroe
provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine
-
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited north of 36�30'
-
Tallmadge Amendment
no further introduction of slaves into Missouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25
-
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817
agreement between US and Britain to remove armed fleets from the Great Lakes
-
Adams-Onis Treaty
remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined
-
Monroe Doctrine
Europeans should not interfere with affairs in Western Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs
-
Panic of 1819
Bank tightened loan policies, depression rose throughout the country, hurt western farmers greatly
-
Election of 1824
"corrupt bargain" and backroom deal for JQ Adams to win over Jackson
-
Tariff of Abominations
under JQ Adams, protectionist tariff, South considered it the source of economic problems, made Jackson appear to advocate free trade
-
Jackson's Presidency
focused on the "Common Man
-
Transportation Revolution
river traffic, road building, canals (esp. Erie), rise of NYC
-
Erie Canal
goods able to be transferred from New York to New Orleans by inland waterways
-
National Road
part of transportation revolution, from Cumberland MD to Wheeling WVa, toll road network
-
Indian Removal Act
Jackson was allowed to relocate Indian tribes in the Louisiana Territory
-
Five Civilized Tribes
Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles
-
"Trail of Tears"
Cherokee tribe forced to move from southern Appalachians to reservations in current-day Oklahoma, high death toll
-
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
first attempt of Cherokees to gain complete sovereign rule over their nation
-
Worcester v. Georgia
Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes
-
Spoils System
"rotation in office
-
Kitchen Cabinet
Jackson used personal friends as unofficial advisors over his official cabinet
-
Lowell mill/system
young women employed by Lowell's textile company, housed in dormitories
-
Cotton Gin
allowed for faster processing of cotton, invented by Eli Whitney, less need for slaves
-
Nullification Controversy
southern states (especially South Carolina) believed that they had the right to judge federal laws unconstitutional and therefore not enforce them
-
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
written by Calhoun, regarding tariff nullification
-
Bank of the United States
destroyed by Jackson on the grounds that it was unconstitutional and too much power for a federal institution
-
Pet banks
small state banks set up by Jackson to keep federal funds out of the National Bank, used until funds were consolidated into a single treasury
-
Independent Treasury Bill
government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations
-
-
Maysville Road Veto
vetoed by Jackson on the count that government funds for the Maysville Road would only benefit one state
-
Liberty Party
supported abolition, broke off of Anti-Slavery Society
-
Whig Party
believed in expanding federal power on economy, encouraged industrial development
-
John C. Calhoun
opposed Polk's high-handedness, avid Southern slave owner
-
Marshall Court (all cases)
Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), McChulloch v. Maryland (loose Constitutional interpretation, constitutionality of National Bank, states cannot control government agencies), Gibbons v. Ogden (interstate commerce controlled by Congress), Fletcher v. Peck (valid contract cannot be broken, state law voided), Dartmouth College v. Woodward (charter cannot be altered without both parties' consent)
-
Second Great Awakening
religious movements, traveling "meetings," rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries
-
Burned-Over District
heavily evangelized to the point there were no more people left to convert to other religions, upstate New York, home to the beginning of Smith's Mormonism movement
-
Horace Mann
worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix
-
William Lloyd Garrison
editor of The Liberator (strongly abolitionist newspaper calling for immediate abolition of slavery), fought for feminist movement ("Am I not a woman and a sister" picture of slave woman)
-
Frederick Douglass
runaway slave, well-known speaker on the condition of slavery, worked with Garrison and Wendell Phillips, founder of The North Star
-
Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
for women's rights, organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, modeled requests after the Declaration of Independence
-
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
organized Seneca Falls Convention, founded (with Anthony) National Women Suffrage Organization
-
Hudson River School
taught American landscape painting rather than Classical subjects
-
Transcendentalism
founded by Emerson, strong emphasis on spiritual unity (God, humanity, and nature), literature with strong references to nature
-
Ralph Waldo Emerson
in Brook Farm Community, literary nationalist, transcendentalist (nascent ideas of God and freedom), wrote "The American Scholar"
-
Henry David Thoreau
in Brook Farm Community, lived in seclusion for two years writing Walden and On Civil Disobedience, proved that man could provide for himself without materialistic wants
-
Nat Turner's Rebellion
led a slave rebellion in Virginia, attacked many whites, prompted non-slaveholding Virginians to consider emancipation
-
Yeoman Farmers
family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners
-
Underground Railroad
network of safe houses of white abolitionists used to bring slaves to freedom
-
Harriet Tubman
worked alongside Josiah Henson to make repeated trips to get slaves out of the South into freedom
-
Angelina and Sarah Grimke
fought for women's rights and abolition, "Men and women are CREATED EQUAL!"
-
Dorothea Dix
worked towards asylums for the mentally insane, worked alongside Mann
-
John Humphrey Noyes/Oneida Community
John Noyes, New York
-
New Harmony
first Utopian society, by Robert Owen
-
"Wage slaves"
northern factory workers who were discarded when too old to work (unlike the slaves who were still kept fed and clothed in their old age)
-
Nativism
anti-immigrant, especially against Irish Catholics
-
The Alamo
Mexicans held siege on the Alamo (in San Antonio), Texans lost great number of people, "Remember the Alamo"
-
Stephen Austin
American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico
-
James K. Polk
"dark horse" Democratic candidate
-
Oregon and "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"
Oregon Territory owned jointly with Britain, Polk severed its tie to Britain, forced to settle for compromise south of 49� rather than 54�40'
-
Manifest Destiny
stated the United States was destined to span the breadth of the entire continent with as much land as possible, advocated by Polk
-
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
acquired Mexican Cession (future California, Arizona, and New Mexico)
-
Wilmot Proviso
slavery to be barred in all territory ceded from Mexico
-
California Gold Rush
gold discovery in Sutter's Mill in 1848 resulted in huge mass of adventurers in 1849, led to application for statehood, opened question of slavery in the West
-
William Seward
Secretary of State under Lincoln and Johnson
-
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law
-
Fugitive Slave Act
runaway slaves could be caught in the North and be brought back to their masters (they were treated as property � running away was as good as stealing)
-
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin
depicted the evils of slavery (splitting of families and physical abuse)
-
Know-Nothing (American) Party
opposed to all immigration, strongly anti-Catholic
-
Popular Sovereignty
the principle that a state should decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery
-
Kansas-Nebraska Act
territory split into Kansas and Nebraska, popular sovereignty (Kansas slave, Nebraska free)
-
"Bleeding Kansas"
border ruffians in election on issue of slavery incited controversy, proslavery group attacked Lawrence, Kansas, Pottawatomie Massacre
-
Lecompton Constitution
proslavery constitution in Kansas, supported by Buchanan, freesoilers against it (victorious), denied statehood until after secession
-
John Brown
led Pottawatomie Massacre, extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God's work
-
Pottawatomie Creek (May 1856)
John Brown and his sons slaughtered five men as a response to the election fraud in Lawrence and the caning of Sumner in Congress
-
Republican Party
formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act, banned in the South, John C Fremont first presidential candidate
-
Harpers Ferry (1859)
Brown aimed to create an armed slave rebellion and establish black free state
-
Dred Scott v. Sandford
slaves could not sue in federal courts (blacks no longer considered citizens), slaves could not be taken from masters except by the law, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, Congress not able to prohibit slavery in a state
-
Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858)
over Senate seat for Illinois (Douglas victor), Lincoln stated the country could not remain split over the issue of slavery
-
Freeport Doctrine
Douglas was able to reconcile the Dred Scott Decision with popular sovereignty
-
Fort Sumter
first shots are fired at Charleston, North Carolina
-
20-Negro Law
exempted those who owned or oversaw twenty or more slaves from service in the Confederate Army
-
Anaconda plan
the Union planned a blockade that would not allow supplies of any sort into the Confederacy
-
Ulysses S. Grant
won battles in the West and raised northern morale (esp. Shiloh, Fort Henry, and Fort Donelson), made Union commanding general
-
William T. Sherman
pushed through northern Georgia, captured Atlanta, "march to the sea" (total war and destruction), proceeded to South Carolina
-
Robert E. Lee
opposed to slavery and secession, but stayed loyal to Virginia, despite offer for command of Union Army
-
Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
Lee's chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer
-
Battle of Antietam
Lee's attack on Maryland in hopes that he could take it from the Union, bloodiest day of the war, stalemate, McClellan replaced by Burnside, stalemate, South would never be so close to victory again
-
Emancipation Proclamation
issued by Lincoln following Antietam (close enough to a victory to empower the proclamation), declared slaves in the Confederacy free (did not include border states), symbolic gesture to support Union's moral cause in the war
-
Battle of Gettysburg
Lee invaded Pennsylvania, bloodiest battle of the war, Confederate Pickett's Charge (disastrous), Lee forced to retreat (not pursued by Meade), South doomed to never invade North again, Gettysburg Address given by Lincoln (nation over union)
-
New York City draft riots (1863)
drafting extremely hated by Northerners, sparked by Irish-Americans against the black population, 500 lives lost, many buildings burned
-
Military Reconstruction Act (1867)
South divided into 5 military districts
-
Compromise of 1877
South to gain removal of last troops from Reconstruction
-
Andrew Carnegie
achieved an abnormal rise in class system (steel industry), pioneered vertical integration (controlled Mesabie Range to ship ore to Pittsburgh), opposed monopolies, used partnership of steel tycoons (Henry Clay Frick as a manager/partner), Bessemer steel process
-
Standard Oil Trust
small oil companies sold stock and authority to Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company (consolidation), cornered world petroleum market
-
John D. Rockefeller
Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of the fittest)
-
Vertical and horizontal integration
beginnings of trusts (destruction of competition)
-
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
forbade restraint of trade and did not distinguish good from bad trusts, ineffective due to lack of enforcement mechanism (waited for Clayton Anti-Trust Act)
-
United States vs. EC Knight Company
decision under Sherman Anti-Trust Act shot down by Supreme Court � sugar refining was manufacturing rather than trade/commerce
-
National Labor Union
founded by William Sylvis (1866)
-
Knights of Labor
founded by Uriah Stephens (1869)
-
Terence V. Powderly
Knights of Labor leader, opposed strikes, producer-consumer cooperation, temperance, welcomed blacks and women (allowing segregation)
-
American Federation of Labor
craft unions that left the Knights (1886), led by Gompers, women left out of recruitment efforts
-
Samuel Gompers
focused on skilled workers (harder to replace than unskilled), coordinated crafts unions, supported 8�hour workday and injury liability
-
"Yellow dog contracts"
fearing the rise of labor unions, corporations forced new employees to sign and promise not to be part of a union
-
Pinkertons
detectives hired by employers as private police force, often used to end strikes
-
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
10-year moratorium on Chinese immigration to reduce competition for jobs (Chinese willing to work for cheap salaries)
-
Haymarket Bombing
bomb thrown at protest rally, police shot protestors, caused great animosity in employers for workers' unions
-
Eugene V. Debs
led railroad workers in Pullman Strike, arrested
-
Social Darwinism
natural selection applied to human competition, advocated by Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner
-
Henry George, Progress and Poverty
single tax on speculated land to ameliorate industrialization misery
-
Edward Bellamy, Looking Backwards
state-run economy to provide conflict-free society
-
Karl Marx, Das Kapital
working class exploited for profit, proletariat (workers) to revolt and inherit all society
-
Thomas Edison
electric light, phonograph, mimeograph, Dictaphone, moving pictures
-
Louis Sullivan
led architectural movement to create building designs that reflected buildings' functions, especially in Chicago
-
Interstate Commerce Act
created Interstate Commerce Commission to require railroads to publish rates (less discrimination, short/long haul), first legislation to regulate corporations, ineffective ICC
-
Social Gospel movement
stressed role of church and religion to improve city life, led by preachers Walter Raushenbusch and Washington Gladen
-
Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Association (YMCA & YWCA)
provided housing and recreation to city youth, imposing Protestant morals, unable to reach out to all youth
-
Jane Addams
helped lead settlement house movement, co-founded NAACP, condemned war and poverty
-
Hull House
Jane Addams's pioneer settlement house (center for women's activism and social reform) in Chicago
-
Salvation Army
established by "General" William Booth, uniformed volunteers provided food, shelter, and employment to families, attracted poor with lively preaching and marching bands in order to instill middle-class virtues
-
Declining death rate
sewer systems and purification of water
-
New immigrants vs. old immigrants
old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life
-
Cult of domesticity
Victorian standards confined women to the home to create an artistic environment as a statement of cultural aspirations
-
William Marcy Tweed
leader of Tammany Hall, gained large sums of money through the political machine, prosecuted by Samuel Tilden and sent to jail
-
Tammany Hall
Democratic political machine in NYC, "supported" immigrants and poor people of the city, who were needed for Democratic election victories
-
Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie, The Financier
attacked industrial elite, called for business regulation, publisher refused works breaking with Victorian ideals
-
Regionalist and naturalist writers
writing took a more realistic approach on the world, regionalist writers focused on local life (Sarah Orne Jewett), naturalist writers focused on economy and psychology (Stephen Crane)
-
Bland-Allison Act (1878)
government compromised to buy and coin $2-4 million/month
-
Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
government to buy silver to back money in addition to gold
-
James G. Blaine
Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system
-
Pendleton Civil Service Act
effectively ended spoils system and established civil service exams for all government positions, under Pres. Garfield
-
Farmers'Alliance movement
Southern and Midwestern farmers expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop � farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks
-
Greenback Party
supported expanded money supply, health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers, granger (farmer)-supported
-
Populist Party
emerged from Farmers' Alliance movement (when subtreasury plan was defeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes
-
Convict-lease system
blacks who went to prison taken out and used for labor in slave-like conditions, enforced southern racial hierarchy
-
Civil Rights Cases
Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, as the fourteenth amendment protected people from governmental infringement of rights and had no effect on acts of private citizens
-
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court legalized the "separate but equal" philosophy
-
Munn v. Illinois
private property subject to government regulation when property is devoted to public interest
-
Jim Crow laws
educational and residential segregation
-
Coxey's Army
Coxey and unemployed followers marched on Washington for support in unemployment relief by inflationary public works program
-
Panic of 1893
8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads)
-
William Jennings Bryan
repeat candidate for president, proponent of silver-backing (16:1 platform), cross of gold speech against gold standard
-
Free silver
Populists campaigned for silver-backed money rather than gold-backed, believed to be able to relieve working conditions and exploitation of labor
-
Triangle Shirtwaist fire
workers unable to escape (locked into factory), all died
-
Gifford Pinchot
head of federal Division of Forestry, contributed to Roosevelt's natural conservation efforts
-
Frederick W. Taylor, Principles of Scientific Management
increase working output by standardizing procedures and rewarding those who worked fast
-
Industrial Workers of the World
supported Socialists, militant unionists and socialists, advocated strikes and sabotaging politics, aimed for an umbrella union similar to Knights of Labor, ideas too radical for socialist cause
-
"Big BM" Haywood
leader of IWW, from Western Federation of Miners
-
Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class
satirized wealthy captains of industry, workers and engineers as better leaders of society
-
Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life
activist government to serve all citizens (cf. Alexander Hamilton)
-
John Dewey
social ideals to be encouraged in public school (stress on social interaction), learning by doing
-
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
law meant to evolve as society evolves, opposed conservative majority
-
Booker T. Washington
proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans
-
"Atlanta Compromise" speech
given by BTW to ease whites' fears of integration, assuring them that separate but equal was acceptable, ideas challenged by DuBois
-
WEB DuBois, Souls of Black Folk
opposed BTW's accommodation policies, called for immediate equality, formed Niagara Movement to support his ideas
-
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
formed by white progressives, adopted goals of Niagara Movement, in response to Springfield Race Riots
-
Muckrakers
uncovered the "dirt" on corruption and harsh quality of city/working life
-
Upton Sinclair, The Jungle
revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)
-
Thomas Nast
political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribes to stop criticism
-
Robert La Follette
created the Wisconsin Idea (as governor of Wisconsin) � regulated railroad, direct-primary system, increased corporate taxes, reference library for lawmakers
-
Mann Act
made it illegal to transport women across state borders for "immoral purposes," violated by black boxer Jack Johnson (w/ white woman)
-
Women's Christian Temperance Union
led by Francis Willard, powerful "interest group" following the civil war, urged women's suffrage, led to Prohibition
-
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
women must gain economic rights in order to impact society (cf. rising divorce rates)
-
Northern Securities Case
Northern Securities Company (JP Morgan and James G. Hill - railroads) seen by Roosevelt as "bad" trust, Supreme Court upheld his first trust-bust
-
Theodore Roosevelt
first "modern" president, moderate who supported progressivism (at times conservative), bypassed congressional opposition (cf. Jackson), significant role in world affairs
-
Square Deal
Roosevelt's plan that aimed to regulate corporations (Anthracite coal strike, Dept. of Commerce and Labor, Elkins and Hepburn Acts), protect consumers (meat sanitation), and conserve natural resources (Newlands Reclamation Act)
-
Preservationism vs. Conservationism
Roosevelt and Pinchot sided on conservation rather than preservation (planned and regulated use of forest lands for public and commercial uses)
-
William H. Taft
"trustbuster" (busted twice as many as Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republican split)
-
Bull Moose Party
party formed from Republican split by Roosevelt, more progressive values, leaving "Republican Old Guard" to control Republican party
-
New Nationalism
federal government to increase power over economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed by Roosevelt (after presidency)
-
New Freedom
ideas of Wilson: small enterprise, states' rights, more active government, trust busting, left social issues up to the states
-
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction
-
Federal Reserve Act
created Federal Reserve System, regional banks set up for twelve separate districts, final authority of each bank lay with the Federal Reserve Board, paper money to be issued "Federal Reserve Notes"
-
Pan-Americanism
James G. Blaine sought to open up Latin American markets to the U.S.
-
Yellow journalism
created by Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
-
Jingoism
belligerent nationalism against other threatening nations
-
Secretary of State John Hay
ex-Lincoln secretary
-
Open Door Policy
sought to eliminate spheres of influence and avoid European monopolies in China
-
Spanish American War (1898)
McKinley reluctant
-
Explosion of USS Maine
meant to provide evacuation opportunity for Americans in Cuba
-
Platt Amendment
U.S. would ensure that Cuba would be protected from European powers and maintain a place in Cuban affairs
-
US acquisitions
Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam: granted to U.S. at the end of Spanish-American War
-
Naval battle in Manila Bay, Philippines
Admiral Dewey defeated Spanish initially
-
TR mediates Russo-Japanese War
secretly sponsored peace negotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly on Asia
-
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
U.S. felt it was its duty to "watch out" for the interests of other countries in the Western hemisphere
-
Panama Canal
needed to protect new Pacific acquisitions, U.S. took over the project from the French after overcoming Clatyton� Bulwer Treaty (prohibited exclusive control of canal) with the Hay� Pauncefote Treaty
-
"Gentlemen's Agreement" (1908)
in response to Japanese discrimination in San Fran schools
-
Dollar Diplomacy"
government would protect America's foreign investments with any force needed
-
Moral Diplomacy
intervention in Mexican Revolution (Madero overthrew dictator Diaz) to overthrow Madero out of fear of property confiscation, General Huerta (seen as "brute" by Wilson, sought new leader) replaced Madero
-
Invasion of Mexico, Pancho Villa
Huerta's enemy, reluctantly supported by U.S.
-
Lusitania
British passenger liner secretly carrying ammunition sunk by German u-boat, included American passengers
-
Zimmerman Note
intercepted by Britain
-
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Germany announced that it would sink all (including American) ships, attempt to involve U.S. in war
-
Creel Committee
Committee on Public Information
-
War Industries Board
attempted to centralize production of war materials
-
Conscription policies
Selective Service Act to require men to register with few exceptions
-
Herbert Hoover's Food Administration
relied on voluntary compliance (no formal laws), propaganda
-
Wilson's 14 points
public treaties, free trade, free seas, reduced armament burdens, anti-imperialism, independence to minorities, international organization
-
League of Nations
foreshadowed in 14 points, hoped to guarantee political independence and integrity of all countries
-
Great Migration
mass migration northward
-
Lodge Reservations
14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations
-
Isolationism
avoided league of Nations, opposed Latin American involvement
-
Espionage Act and Sedition Act
fines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military
-
Schenk v. U.S.
court case, upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act
-
"Red Scare" (1919)
anti-communist crusades due to fear of radicalism spurred by Bolshevik rebellion
-
Palmer Raids
Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism
-
"Red Summer," race riots (1919)
spurred by Great Migration, large-scale riots, lynchings, &c.
-
Nativism
severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminate against foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned American values
-
Ku Klux Klan
spread quickly
-
National Origins Act (1924)
reduced quota, reduced numbers from eastern and southern Europe, Asians banned, Canadians and Latin Americans exempt
-
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial
prejudiced jury sentenced them to death, caused riots around the world, new trial denied
-
Scopes Trial
Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism)
-
Prohibition, rise of organized crime
supported by women and churches, instituted by Volstead Act, lacked enforcement
-
Frederick W. Taylor, Scientific Management
efficient working methods to increase productivity
-
Henry Ford's assembly line
mass production of the Model-T, workers as potential consumers (raise wages), supported other industries and raised employment
-
Bruce Barton
The Man Nobody Knows, glorification of business, Jesus as a businessman, relationship between religion and manufacturing
-
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
Alice Paul
-
Jazz
dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation and ragtime
-
"Lost Generation"
new generation of writers outside of Protestantism, resentment of ideals betrayed by society
-
Harlem Renaissance
authors included Langston Hughes, McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullet � praise and expression of black culture of the time
-
Marcus Garvey
started the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) � "Back to Africa" movement for racial pride and separatism
-
Charles Lindbergh
considered a hero for his solo crossing of the Atlantic by plane
-
Washington Disarmament Conference (1921)
US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to reduce naval tonnage and halt construction for 10 years
-
Dawes Plan (1924)
to make German reparations from WWI more accessible to Germans
-
Conservative policies of Harding and Coolidge
lowering of income taxes for wealthy (trickle-down economics), refusal to create higher prices to help farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill)
-
Fordney-McCumber Tariff and Smoot-Hawley Tariff
1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods
-
Teapot Dome scandal
Albert Fall accused of accepting bribes for access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming
-
Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce
known as "wartime food czar
-
Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury
introduced the "trickle-down" economics theory in order to promote business and increase money available for speculation
-
Farm crisis
agricultural depression as precursor to the depression
-
Causes of the depression
rise in stock prices and speculation, decline of construction industry, mistaken "trickle-down" economics, reliance on credit
-
Stock market crash
(1929) stock prices fell drastically
-
Hoover's policy of voluntarism
emphasized importance of private charities to help the depression
-
Hoovervilles
sets of cardboard box houses that epitomized the country's blame on Hoover for the cause of the Depression
-
Bonus Army
veterans from WWI sought their pensions before they were too old to use them
-
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
attempted to boost economy by making loans to banks and insurance companies, hoping to restart them
-
President Franklin Roosevelt
introduced his "New Deal," won election by a relative landslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust)
-
New Deal
FDR's plan (although vague during the campaign) to restart the economy and pull America out of the Great Depression
-
"Brain trust"
FDR's inner circle of experts rather than just politicians in the cabinet
-
"Hundred days"
accomplished great number of relief, recovery, and reform efforts
-
Emergency Banking Relief Act
four-day banking holiday to create controlled inflation, followed by reopening of sound banks, and reorganization of unsound banks
-
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) & National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), prevented extreme competition, labor management disputes, and over-production
-
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Part of "First" New Deal Program, subsidies to farmers to decrease production and thus increase prices
-
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), hydroelectric power to river valley
-
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), employed young jobless men with government projects on work relief and environment
-
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), provided more funds to state and local relief efforts
-
Public Works Administration (PWA)
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), Harold Icicles, provided public construction projects
-
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Part of "First" New Deal Program (1933-1935), insured deposits < $5000, reassured American public of the worth of banks
-
Social Security Act of 1935 (SSA)
Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), used withheld money from payrolls to provide aid to the unemployed, industrial accident victims, and young mothers
-
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), Harry Hopkins
-
Wagner Act / National Labor Relations Act
Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics
-
Fair Labor Standards Act
Part of "Second" New Deal Programs (1935-1938), banned child labor, established minimum wage
-
Keynesian economics
philosophy that deficit spending during a depression would increase purchasing power and stimulate economy
-
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
halted sale of tribal lands, enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands
-
Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor
first female cabinet member
-
Butler v. U.S.
court case, killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on continuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs
-
Schechter v. U.S
court case, unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegation of legislative authority from Congress to executive
-
Court Packing
Judiciary Reorganization Bill
-
Okies" and "Arkies"
Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl
-
Deportations of Mexicans
nationalists against foreign non-English speaking workers (took jobs away from American men)
-
Critics of FDR
Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long ("share our wealth"), Francis Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)
-
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
created by John L. Lewis for unskilled labor, organized "sit-down strike" against GM to work for recognition
-
Dorothea Lange
hired to photograph ordinary Americans experiencing the depression
-
Good Neighbor Policy
withdrawal of American troops from foreign nations (especially Latin America) to improve international relations and unite western hemisphere
-
Isolationism in 1920s & 1930s
Americans concerned with economic depression
-
Neutrality Acts, 1935-37
prohibited aiding of belligerent nations, banned civilian involvement
-
Quarantine Speech, 1937
FDR encouraged democracies to quarantine their opponents (economic embargos)
-
Neutrality Act, 1939
allowed sale of weaponry to democracies on "cash-and-carry" basis, avoided full-blown war
-
Four Freedoms" speech
FDR asked for increased authority to aid Britain
-
Lend-Lease Act (1941)
President to offer military supplies to nations "vital to the defense of the US"
-
Pearl Harbor
Japanese bombing of ships in harbor
-
First American strategy in WWII
FDR and Churchill agreed to defeat Germany first rather than concentrate on Japan
-
Important WWII Battles
Midway (US Signal Corps, turning point of war in the Pacific), D-Day (Eisenhower's amphibious invasion of Normandy, led to depletion of German forces), Stalingrad (Russians defeated Germans, saved Moscow and Leningrad, turning point in Europe)
-
Japanese internment
fear of Japanese-Americans as traitors, sent off (by law) to internment camps
-
Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs
risk of too many casualties and high costs for hand-to-hand combat/invasion, Japanese surrender unlikely
-
Yalta Conference (1945)
established world organization
-
Potsdam Conference (1945)
decided to punish war crimes, established program for de-Nazification of Germany
-
The Homefront
westward migration of workers (new economic opportunities, esp. aircraft industry), high rates of divorce and family/juvenile violence, women encouraged to work in factories, still held inferior to men
-
Rationing
Americans at home reminded to conserve materials in all aspects of life to support the military
-
Rosie the Riveter
symbol of women workers during the war
-
John L. Lewis
through CIO, led three coal mine strikes (some of the very few strikes during the time period)
-
Bracero program
brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs, concentrated in southern CA, given extremely poor working conditions (as they were not American citizens)
-
Zoot Suit riots
racism riots against Mexican laborers (imported for jobs)
-
A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington
led Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: threatened a siege on DC if FDR did not agree to end discrimination in military
-
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
prohibited discrimination in any government-related work
-
President Harry Truman
first president to show positive response to civil rights movement
-
Jackie Robinson
first African-American in major league baseball
-
Desegregation of Armed Forces (1947)
banned racial discrimination in federal practices
-
Dixiecrats, 1948
fought for old Southern way of life (states' rights), attempted to gain higher standing within Democratic party
-
Fair Deal
preservation of New Deal, attempt at additions
-
George Kennan
US ambassador to Russia, notified Truman of Soviet ambitions to expand empire and overthrow other political forces
-
Truman Doctrine
support people oppressed by communism and non-democratic governments
-
Marshall Plan
US provided financial assistance to recover economies in Europe
-
Berlin Airlift
Soviets cut Berlin off from the rest of Germany by blockade
-
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
response to Berlin crisis, warned Moscow that threats would be answered with force
-
Soviet atomic bomb
September 1949, US no longer held monopoly
-
China turns communist
Mao Zedong (communist) defeated nationalist forces of Kai-Shek (supported by US)
-
Korean War
Soviet-aided North Korea attack on South Korea
-
President Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican, popular hero of WWII
-
Conformity in the 1950s
strong patriotism and need to conform to try to avoid blame during red scare, non-churchgoers, unmarried, and critics suspected as communists
-
-
"Baby Boom"
unprecedented sudden growth spurt of American population (especially urban and suburban areas)
-
GI Bill of Rights
government ensured readjustment rights to GIs after WWI unrest, loans to veterans for higher education and mortgages (contributed to economic prosperity)
-
Consumerism
Americans could now spend what they had been told to save during the war (disposable income)
-
"Affluent Society"
economic prosperity of American society following WWII
-
Non-conformity
Elvis Presley, Marilyn Monroe, James Dean, Beatniks � rebelled against conservative conformity of the rest of the country (esp. targeted youth)
-
Rock `n' Roll
influence of African-American blues, music of the younger generation (gap between them and their parents)
-
David Riesman
(The Lonely Crowd) "outer directed" Americans conforming to peer pressure on moral and social issues, rather than independently thinking on morals
-
Richard Nixon, Alger Hiss
Nixon led movement to Hiss's indictment
-
McCarthyism
attacked people for being communist by association and unsubstantiated claims, against Truman, Marshall, and Ike
-
Domino theory
one country that falls into communism will cause surrounding nations to also fall "like dominos"
-
Community on Un-American Activities (HUAC)
attacked public figures (Hollywood, New-Dealers, liberals) to root out communist spies
-
Truman's Loyalty Program
Truman tested for communist alliances within government
-
Rosenbergs
executed for leaking atomic secrets to Soviets, avowed communists
-
John Foster Dulles
secretary of state, policy to liberate captive people in Eastern Europe by political pressure and propaganda
-
CIA overthrow of Iran (1953)
installed Shah as dictator, overthrew Moussadegh (communist interests), in order to resist nationalization British oil holdings
-
CIA overthrow of Guatemala (1954)
overthrew Pres. Guzman after he nationalized American fruit fields and accepted arms from USSR (communist sympathies)
-
Sputnik
caused American hysteria (1957), fear that Soviets were technologically superior
-
National Aeronautics Space Agency (NASA)
launched in 1958 by Ike
-
U-2 Incident
American U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR (Ike: "for national security)
-
Ike's Farewell Speech
warned of dangerous military-industrial complex (newly-found power of the military to affect the path of democracy)
-
AFL-CIO (1955)
unemployment jitters
-
US economy since WWII (service economy)
highest peacetime deficit in US history (due to lower tax rates for high-income taxpayers, spent too much money attempting to reduce price supports to farmers)
-
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
blacks denied admission to all-white school
-
Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
Parks arrested for refusing to give up bus seat to white man, African American leaders called for city-wide boycott of bus system (lasted almost 400 days)
-
Martin Luther King Jr., Southern Christian Leadership Conference
led boycott, became leader of civil rights movement
-
Little Rock Crisis (1957)
Ike forced to send National Guard to escort black children to school to quell riots and resistance (first time since Reconstruction that troops used in the south to enforce Constitution)
-
Greensboro sit-in (1960)
nonviolent protest to college students (NC) being refused lunch service
-
Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960
commission on civil rights to attempt to guarantee the ballot to blacks
-
Election of 1960
Kennedy vs. Nixon, Kennedy (due to televised charisma) won over Nixon (pale and nervous)
-
President John F. Kennedy
second youngest president, entered presidency as tensions of the Cold War increased
-
Rachel Carson, Silent Spring
effects of pesticides on the environment
-
Berlin Wall
due to threat of nuclear war, Soviets erected wall to separate East Berlin from West Berlin (end exodus of intellect to west)
-
Peace Corps
created in 1961 as example of liberal anticommunism in third world countries
-
Alliance for Progress (Marshall Plan of Latin America)
Americans feared Soviet infiltration into Latin America, placed secret police and military forces to prevent it
-
Bay of Pigs invasion
CIA attempt to institute Cuban support to overthrow Castro
-
Cuban Missile Crisis
storage of Soviet missiles in Cuba (threat of nuclear war)
-
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
prohibited testing of nuclear bombs above ground to slow the nuclear arms race and the release of nuclear fallout into the atmosphere
-
Freedom Riders (Congress of Racial Equality - CORE)
interracial group of protestors who aimed to dramatize the violations of the call for desegregation
-
James Meredith
black veteran escorted to be enrolled in Univ. of Miss. by military (school reluctant, cf. Little Rock Nine)
-
March on Birmingham
King hosted myriad nonviolent protesting activities to fill jail with protestors, Bill Connor (police commissioner) began violent resistance to protestors
-
March on Washington, "I have a dream"
25,000 people (including whites) convened for political rally, MLK's speech to historical event
-
Assassination of JFK, Warren Commission
Assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald (hated his anti-Cuban policies)
-
President Lyndon B. Johnson
dealt with Vietnam War, "Great Society" program for improvement of American society, antipoverty and anti-discrimination programs
-
"Great Society"
LBJ's flood of proposals to Congress for the beautification and amelioration of American society (War on Poverty, Medicare, public education spending, public television (PBS), National Endowments for the Humanities and Arts (NEH, NEA))
-
Affirmative Action
sets of programs geared towards minorities and oft-discriminated populations
-
Immigration Act of 1965
abolished national origins quotas, dramatically increased immigration (especially from Asia and Latin America)
-
Civil Rights Act of 1964
banned racial discrimination and segregation (public), bias by federal government
-
Voting Rights Act of 1965
prohibited use of any devices (e.g., literacy tests) to deny the right to vote and enforced black suffrage rights
-
Forced busing
due to parents unhappy with encouraged segregation of schools, Supreme Court instituted forced busing policies (using school buses as a method of integration)
-
Malcolm X, Nation of Islam
Black Muslim worked to raise black spirits and pride (cf. Marcus Garvey)
-
Black Power, Stokely Carmichael
black rights leader, heavily influenced by Malcolm X (advocated black separatism rather than integration)
-
Black Panther Party
another black separatist movement
-
Gains for women
rejection of negative portrayals of women (language, entertainment), increased quality and use of education, more job opportunities, acceptance into military
-
National Organization of Women
founded by Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, and Aileen Hernandez
-
Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique
denounced the "housewife trap" which caused educated women to hold even themselves inferior to men
-
Roe v. Wade
court case, unconstitutionalized all state laws prohibiting women's rights to have an abortion performed during the first trimester of pregnancy
-
Cesar Chavez, United Farm Workers
used nonviolent protest and boycott to achieve better working conditions for farmers (esp. Mexican-Americans)
-
Vietnam War
United States aided South Vietnam in its war of power struggle against North Vietnam, the Vietcong, USSR, and China
-
Ngo Dinh Diem
Catholic communist autocrat of Vietnam, assassinated (with aid of US)
-
Ho Chi Minh
contending communist politician in Vietnam, had more popularity than Diem, took power upon Diem's death
-
Vietcong
National Liberation Front, guerilla militia from south Vietnam fighting alongside the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)
-
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Congress authorized LBJ to repel and prevent aggression against US troops in Vietnam, used as a blank check (perhaps too much, caused protests)
-
Tet Offensive (1968)
NLF attacked numerous South Vietnamese cities and American embassies, eventually repulsed
-
Impact of LBJ's Vietnam decision on 1968 election
left primary open to Robert Kennedy and Eugene McCarthy, both promising to end the controversial war
-
"New Left" (free speech movement)
youth activists (often liberal arts students) spoke out against Vietnam War, supported widespread liberalization
-
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
part of the New Left that envisioned "participatory democracy" (individuals control life-affecting decisions), end materialism, militarism, and racism
-
Andy Warhol
pop art, mass production of art by screening
-
Warren Court
desegregation (Brown v. Board of Ed), rights of the accused (Miranda v. Arizona), voting reforms (Wesberry v. Sanders, Reynolds v. Sims, Katzenbach v Morgan)
-
1968 as "the year of shocks"
Tet Offensive in Vietnam, assassination of MLK and Robert Kennedy (presidential candidate), Riot of Democratic National Convention (Chicago police beat antiwar protestors), Black Panthers
-
1968 Presidential Election
George Wallace vs. Nixon vs. Humphrey
-
Richard Nixon (R)
"Southern Strategy" lured many southern Democrats to the Republican party (esp. due to southern opposition to Civil Rights Act of 1964)
-
George Wallace, American
appealed to many conservatives, especially southerners (opposed massive protests and integration)
-
Vietnamization
part of Nixon's tri-faceted plan to honorably remove troops from Vietnam
-
Bombing and invasion of Cambodia
another part of Nixon's out-of-Vietnam plan, destroy supply routes to North Vietnam through Cambodia
-
Kent State Protest
Kent State University students protesting against invasion of Cambodia, not allowed to demonstrate, violence (murder) caused by guardsmen
-
"Silent Majority"
speech symbolized polarization between conservatives and liberals
-
Conservative backlash against liberalism
conservatives like Reagan benefited from denouncing the New Left and excessive antiwar protests
-
Detente, realpolitik
detente achieved with USSR and China by withdrawal from Vietnam
-
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I)
Nixon agreed with USSR to achieve nuclear equality rather than the superiority that threatened the destruction of the world
-
New Federalism
Nixon's domestic policy
-
Watergate Scandal
despite near-guaranteed second term, campaign workers burglarized Democratic offices, cover-up unsuccessful, resigned to avoid impeachment
-
Energy Crisis, OPEC
increased already high rate of inflation by quadrupling the price of crude oil
-
Stagflation
Ford's and Carter's presidencies experienced a recession and inflation simultaneously, solved by Keynesian economics
-
President Jimmy Carter
Panama Canal Treaty, diplomacy with China, end of recognition of Taiwan
-
Humanitarian diplomacy
fought for human rights in Africa, Panama Canal returned to Panama, relations with China resolved
-
Camp David Accords
(peace btw Egypt and Israel) followed years of tension, Israel would leave newly acquired lands from war, Egypt would respect Israel's other land claims
-
Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979
American hostages taken by US hating Shiites upon Shah's flight from uprising, botched rescue attempts
-
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
despite CIA-sponsored Soviet resistance, Afghanistan taken by Soviet Union
-
Deregulation
drastic cutbacks in regulation of business by the federal government (banks, transportation, communications
-
Election of 1980
decisive victory to Reagan due to his appeal over Carter (now unpopular due to lack of success in the presidency
-
President Ronald Reagan
offered a New Deal (reminiscent of FDR) of smaller government, reduced taxes, and free enterprise
-
Conservatism
belief in minimal government so as to allow the people their own free reign, lower taxes to stimulate economy, &c.
-
Religious Right
political action for religion justified by decreased presence of religion in society
-
Reaganomics
capitalism would become productive when uninhibited by taxes and regulation
-
Supply-side economics, tax cuts
tax cuts to increase population spending (help economy), drastic cutting back on government programs due to lack of funds
-
Nicaraguan Contras
guerilla army sponsored by CIA to attack procommunist revolutionaries in Nicaragua
-
"Evil Empire" speech, "Star Wars"
Reagan called the Soviet Union an "evil empire"
-
Mikhail Gorbachev
Soviet leader undergoing tensions on superpower and domestic level
-
Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987)
Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove and destroy nuclear weapons from Eastern and Western Europe
-
Fall of communism in Eastern Europe (1989)
Gorbachev announced Soviet withdrawal of power from all of Eastern Europe, including Berlin (wall torn down, free movement, &c.)
-
Fall of Soviet Union (1991)
Gorbachev decreased nuclear arsenals, Communist Party lost power, Boris Yeltsin (president of Russian Republic) led Muscovites to take control
-
"Graying of America"
economic recession (collapse of savings-and-loan industry, increasing deficit due to Reagan tax cuts, retail decreased, higher crime rate)
-
Economic transition
to service economy in late 20 century (end of industrialism) - higher focus on services (esp. education) rather than material products
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Gulf War, "Operation Desert Storm" (1991)
Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait despite peace treaty and refusal to abandon Iraqi occupation
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1992 Election
Bush vs. Clinton vs. Perot
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President Bill Clinton
scholarly, welfare-reform, "Contract with America," impeachment over Monica Lewinski Scandal, War in Kosovo
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Gays in the military
ended exclusion of homosexuals from military
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North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA (1994)
established free trade zone between Canada, United States and Mexico, net gain in jobs due to opening of Mexican markets
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"Contract with America" (1994)
Newt Gingrich (Republican congressman) planned for success of Republican party in upcoming election by pledging tax cuts, congressional term limits, tougher crime laws, balanced budget amendment, popular reforms &c.
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Clinton impeachment (1997)
helped approval ratings, not removed from office despite all the efforts of Republican congressmen
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Bush v. Gore (2000)
Gore promising with experience, Bush appealing by family influence and plans for presidency (tax cuts, education reform, defense, &c.)
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9/11 Terrorist Attacks on NYC & DC (2001)
planes hijacked by terrorists for destruction
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Invasion of Afghanistan (2002)
overthrow of the Taliban, in search of bin Laden
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Invasion of Iraq, removal of Saddam Hussein, 2003
Iran, Iraq, and North Korea designated as the "axis of evil," institution of democratic government in Iraq to replace Hussein's dictatorship (return to spread and protection of democracy throughout the world, moving beyond containment of communism)
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Citizen Genet
Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St. Augustine
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