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manjinder
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Acyclovir
- Monophosphorylated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase. Guanosine analog. Triphosphate formed by cellular enzymes. Preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase by chain termination
- Use: HSV, VZV, EBV. No effect on latent forms. Valacyclovir a prodrug has better oral bioavailability
- Famciclovir for herpes zoster
- Toxicity: minor
- Resistance: lack of thymidine kinase
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Ganciclovir
- thymidine kinase in HSV and 5'-monophosphate (phosphotransferase) formed by a CMV viral kinase. Guanosine analog. Triphosphate formed by cellular kinases. Preferentially inhibits viral DNA polymerase. chain temination
- Use: CMV, HSV, CMV, Valganciclovir is prodrug
- Toxicity: Leukopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, renal toxicity. More toxic to host enzymes than acyclovir because can be phosphorlated by human kinase.
- Resistance: mutated CMV DNA polymerase or lack of viral kinase
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Foscarnet
- Viral DNA and RNA polymerase inhibitor that binds to the pyrophosphate-binding site of the enzyme. Doesn't require activation by viral kinase
- Use: CMV retinitis when ganciclovir fails, acyclovir resistant HSV
- Toxicity: nephrotoxicity w/ acute tubular necrosis, electrolyte imbalance w/ hypocalcemia; avoid given w/ pentamidine IV.
- Resistance: mutated DNA polymerase
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Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
- Competitively inhibit RNA dependent- DNA polymerase --> terminate the DNA chain (lack a 3'-OH group). Must be phosphorylated by thymidine kinase to be active.
- Zidovudine (ZDV formerly AZT) used for general prophylaxis and during pregnancy to reduce risk of fetal transmission
- AZT: Bone marrow suppression (can be reversed w/ G-CSF and erythropoietin), peripheral neuropathy, lactice acidosis (associated w/ mitochondrial DNA toxicity by inhibiting DNA polymerase), rash, megaloblastic anemia (ZDV)
- Didanosine DDI: pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, hyperuricemia, liver dysfunction
- Zalcitabine DDC: peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, neutropenia, rash
- Stavudine D4T: peripheral neuropathy
- Lamivudine 3TC: least toxic of the NRTIs, but some GI effects and neutropenia. Active in hepatitis B
- Emtricitabine FTC
- Abacavir ABC
- Tenofovir TDF
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Non-nucleotide reserve transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
- bind to reverse transcriptase at site different from NRTIs. Don't require phosphorylation to be active or compete w/ nucleotides.
- No myelosuppression
- NeVIRapine: dec vertical transmission, induces P450, rash, inc LFTs
- EfaVIRenz: insomnia, nightmairs
- DelaVIRdine
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Protease Inhibitors
Lopinavir, atazanavir, darunavir, saquinavir, ritonavir
- assembly of virions depends on HIV-1 protease (pol gene) which cleaves the polypeptide products of HIV mRNA into their functional parts. Thus, protease inhibitors prevent maturation of new viruses
- Ritonavir can boost other drug concentrations by inhibiting P450
- Hyperglycemia, lipodystrophy
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Enfuvirtide
binds gp41 and inhibits fusion of HIV-1 to CD4+ cells
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Maraviroc
blocks CCR5 protein on T-cel surface to prevent viral entry
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Raltegravir
- inhibits HIV genome integration into host cell chromosome by reversibly inhibiting HIV integrase
- hypercholesterolemia
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Amantadine
- blocks attachment, penetration, and uncoating (M2 protein) of influenza A virus. also causes the release of dopamine from intact nerve terminals (used to treat Parkinson's).
- Toxicity: ataxia, dizziness, slurred speech (causes problems w/ the cerebella), livedo reticularis
- Resistance: mutated M2 protein. 90% of all influenza A strains are resistant to amantadine, so not used
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Zanamivir, oseltamivir
inhibit neuraminidases of influenza A and B. dec likelihood that the virus will penetrate uninfected cells.
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Ribavirin
- monophosphorylated form inhibits IMP dehydrogenase
- Triphosphate inhibits viral RNA polymerase and end-capping of viral RNA
- Use: RSV, chronic hepatitis C
- Toxicity: hemolytic anemia. Sevre teraogen avoid pregnancy for > 6 months thereafter
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interferons
- glycoproteins synthesized by virus-infected cells block replication of both RNA and DNA viruses
- Use: IFN-alpha- chronic hepatitis B and C, Kaposi's sarcoma; IFN-beta-MS; IFN-gamma-NADPH oxidase deficiency
- Toxicity: neutropenia
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