increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels, & increase in their permeability..signs?
redness
heat
swelling
Antigens?
foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
If newborn were accidentally given a drug tht destroyed the thymus, what would happen...?
T cells would not mature & differentiate
Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response?
memory cells
It is important for the immune system to do all of the following...EXCEPT..?
never react against cancer cells
Which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated?
when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines
These cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity & destroy virally infected cells...?
cytotoxic T cells
Cell type interacts w/ both humoral & cell-mediated immune pathways..?
helper T cells
Primary function of humoral immunity??
it produces anitbodies that circulate in body fluids
IgG antibody?
most plentiful antibody in circulation in blood
crosses the placenta
IgE?
responsible for the release of histamine from mast cells during allergies
IgA?
body secretions
IgD?
found on surface of B cells
IgM?
pentamer (10 antigens binding sites)
responsible for primary immune response
Blood flow..? HEART
vena cava
RA
ventricle
pulmonary circuit
Avg resting stroke vol. of heart is 70ml & beats 72times per min....cardiac output..?
5L/min
Semilunar valves located..?
places where blood leaves via AORTA & PULMONARY ARTERIES
Avg blood pressure is lowest..?
venae cavae
Blood vessel tht has these characteristics: outer layer of connective tissue, thick layer of smooth muscle w/elastic fibers, no valves..?
artery
Meshwork tht forms the fabric of a blood clot consists mostly of which protein...?
fibrin
Blood is 55% plasma...% water?
90%
QRS wave in ECG respresents...?
LV contraction
blood returns to LA via..?
pulmonary arteries
Opposing forces acting to move fluid out of or into capillaries...?
blood pressure
osmotic pressure
Gene tht exists as 2 alleles (A and a)...type of gamete can a homozygous recessive individual produce.?
a
Possible genotype of children produced by parents with AA and aa genotypes...?
Aa
Best describes a test cross?
crossing the unknown genotype w/ a known homozygous recessive
DNA is _____ into RNA..?
transcribed
If woman w/ blood type A has a child w/ blood type O, what is the woman's genotype?
heterozygous
What will be the phenotype ratio of this cross..? AaBb X AaBb ?
1:1
If Black fur (B) is dominant to white fur (b) & a cat tht is Bb is crossed to one tht is BB, how many white coated cats will be produced?
10
9:3:3:1 phenotype ratio is characteristic of..?
F2 generation of a dihybrid cross
9:7 phenotype ratio in the F2 generation of sweet pea plants is due to..?
epistasis
If true breeding white flowering plant is crossed w/ a true breeding red flowering plant & all pink flowers are produced then most likely..?
incomplete dominance
In large population of widgets, if 5 out of 100 have a recessive genotype then what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype..?
0.34
Stabilizing selection eliminates..?
extreme phenotypes
Bottleneck effect example..?
genetic drift
Test cross requires..?
homozygous recessive
Human blood groups are an example of codominance?
TRUE
Mendel's 1st law?
Law of Segregation
Dihybrid cross, expected proportion of offspring that are homozygous recessive..?
1/16
Mendel's peas demonstrated..?
epistasis
Change in frequencies of alleles in gene pool of a population arising from chance events..?
genetic drift
describes change in allelic frequencies due to influx of new members into population?
gene flow
In population w/ 2 alleles, A and a, frequency of a is 0.60..what is frequency of heterozygotes in population?
0.48
Necessary for a population to be Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium..?
1) mutation
2) no natural selection
3) no genetic drift (no emigration)
4) no change in allele frequency (no immigration)
5) random mating
Fundamental cell type in NS..?
neurons
Neurons consists of..?
cell body
dendrites
axon
Crucial to maintaining the resting potential (diff. in electrical charge inside & outside a neuron membrane tht enable the cell to transmit a signal)..?
transport of Na+ & K+ ions by the Na/K pump b/c if pump stops working, action potentials will not occur
Stimulus can trigger an action potential by..?
causing Na ions to enter the neuron (b/c a typical stimulus will open gated Na channels permitting Na to enter the cell & depolarizing the neuron)
best describes a nerve signal..?
sequential movement of ions across the plasma membrane of the neuron represents the nerve impulse
reflects an increase magnitude of membrane potential..?
hyperpolarization
speed of action potential is greatly increased by the formation of....by...cells in the CNS &....in PNS ?
nodes of Ranvier
oligiodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Nerve poison tht blocked acetylcholine receptors on dendrites would..?
prevent binding of a signal tht crossed the synaptic gap (binding of neurotransmitter molecules to their specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane opens ion channels which completes the transmission poison tht blocked the acetylcholine receptors would prevent reception of the signal)
type of neurotransmitter??
dopamine => biogenic amines
GABA => amino acids
NO (nitric oxide) => gas
complex fire/don't fire decision making by neurons is most directly a result..?
combination of signals from excitatory & inhibitory synapses
(ea. neuron is on the receiving end of thousands of synapses, some excitatory & some inhibitory. At any instant, the 'decision' whether to initiate an action potential is based on the combined effect of ion currents induced by both kinds of synapses)
responsible for initiating a secondary immune response..?
memory cells
inflammatory responses may include..?
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
both the eye & respiratory tract are protected against infections..?
secretion of lysozyme onto their surface
differentiate T cells & B cells?
T cells but not B cells can directly attack & destroy invading pathogens
Involves white blood cells like lymphocytes tht recognize pathogens & elicit a response specific to ea. pathogen tht enters the body..?
Acquired immunity
also involves both humoral & cell-mediated immune response
Involves the activation & clonal selections of B cells, some of which secrete antibodies into the infected cells & lymph ..?
humoral response
involves the activation & clonal selection of cytotoxic T cells, which identify & destroy infected cells & cancer cells..?
cell-mediated response
Dendritic cells & microphages engulf & present antigens, stimulating the activation of other cells of immune system..?
antigen-presenting cells
Activated....secrete cytokines tht stimulate for the humoral response..?
helper T cells
Some...give rise to plasma cells which secrete antibodies for the humoral response
B cells
Active.....bind & induce cell death of infected cells & cancer cells..?
cytotoxic T cells
Activated cells of the immune system give rise to.....which facilitate the secondary response..?
memory cells
Antigen-presenting cells?
trigger the acquired immune response by presenting antigens to helper T cells & cytotoxic T cells & thus activating them (include dendritic cells, macrophages & B cells) -> once activated, helper T cells activate other cells of immune system, including B cells & cytotoxic T cells by secreting proteins=> cytokines
Humoral immune response?
B cell binds to antigen & are activated further w/ aid of helper T cells
Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells whcih secrete antibodies & memory cells which can circulate the body for yrs
BOTH B & T cells form memory cells tht enable the body to launch a much quicker secondary immune response to an antigen it has encountered before
MHC?
group of genes tht produces proteins tht present antigen fragment to T cell receptors
Class I MHC?
expressed by almost all cells of the body & present anitgen fragments synthesized w/in those cells
Class II MHC?
made up by few cell-types antigen presenting cells
macrophage only
Humoral immune response?
B cell
Plasma cells
Memory B cells
helper T cell
Cell-mediated?
antigen
helper T cell
memory helper T cell
memory cytotoxic cell
active cytotoxic T cell
Molecule form pores in infected cells?
perforin
Molecule breakdown proteins in infectedc cells programmed cell death?
apoptosis
B cells function as..?
antigen-presenting cell
when binds to antigen-presenting cell..takes a few of foreign molecule & then presents those antigen fragments of its surface...helper T cells than can recognize the MHC - antigen fragment complex
APC presents antigen to helper T cell & activates w/ aid of cytokines & recognize by B cell, binds, & release
