-
malthus theory is:
- population increase geometrically
- food production increase arithmetically
-
green revolution is:
- Dr. Norman Borlaug was father
- plant improvement & agronomic package were primary reasons
-
potato origin:
South America
-
Order of historical developments
1st Ag research station, Morrill Act, Hatch Act, Smith Act
-
photosynthesis stops due to lack of ___ rather than lack of ___
-
Factor affect PS rate:
- Light
- carbon concentration
- temperature
- chlorophyll and water
- Leaf area
-
factor affect photosynthesis rate
- nutrients status
- temperature
- leaf area
-
Photorespiration:
- occurs when CO2 levels low
- most cool season crops under drought stress
- lead to slow growth
-
PS decrease after____
pass optimum temperature
-
factors affect control respiration rate to store fruits & tuber
- low temperature
- low O2
- low moisture
-
factor increase anaerobic respiration rate
increase O2 level
-
____ % moisture content used to store silage
50-60
-
C3 plants are _____
warm season crops
-
respiration:
- occurs in all living organism
- anaerobic respiration is partial respiration w/o O2
- respiration both plant & animal
-
water & mineral nutrients absorption through:
- root hair
- minerals through active uptake
- active uptake requires ATP energy
-
cultivar can't be written in ______ system
Latin binomial
-
winter annuals:
grow in fall, overwinter, complete life next summer
-
cover crop protect soil from ____
erosion
-
fodder:
- whole of nearly mature corn or sorghum harvested & dry cured like shocks
- used to feed domestic animals
-
poor Ag Marketing is why _____ people are starving
Soviet Union
-
intercropping:
growing 2 + crops together at same time on same land
-
corn, cotton, & soybean are ____crop
row
-
wheat & rye are _____season crop
cool
-
peanut, cowpea, soybean, & bungbean are ____ crops
pulse
-
beans have _ cotyledons w/ arrangement of vascular _____ ____
-
spruces are:
seed plant that has cones w/o flowers
-
C3 plants are:
- wheat, barley, & potato
- involved in normal respiration
-
C4 plants are:
maize, sugarcane, & sorghum
-
CAM are:
desert plant, pineapple, cactus
-
difference between CAM & C4:
CAM open stomata @ night vs. day w/ C4
-
3 major crops in world w/ scientific name:
- Corn - Zea mays
- Wheat - Triticium aestivumRice - Oryza sativa
-
4 differences between xylem & phloem:
- xylem is 1-way passage, up direction, passive uptake, thick cell walls
- phloem is 2-way passage, water & mineral uptake, active uptake, thin cell wall
-
KPCOFGS
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
-
PS equation:
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + LIGHT --> C6H12O6 + 6H20 + 6O2
-
Respiration equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY
-
milestone in american Ag (in order)
- animal immunization
- canning & refrigeration
- ag. mechanization
- pesticide
- genetic
- artificial insemination
- embryo transplant
- computers
- genetic engineering
-
parts found in monocot & monocot leaf:
- auricles, petiole
- cotyledon, leaflet
- coleoptiles, collar
-
ligule keeps ____ & ____ out
-
coleoptiles protect ____ in monocot
plumule
-
pea has _____ & sorghum has _____
- epigeal emergence
- hypogeal emergence
-
skotomorphogensis switch to photomorphogenesis when plant meets _____
light
-
cotyledons of monocot remain _____
below ground
-
low percent CO2 & higher O2 make higher percent _____
germination
-
O2 required for seed germination because of ______
respiration
-
corn has longer _____ b/c of ______
- longevity
- high starch content
-
intercalary meristems in monocot stem are to grow ______
leaf blades & stem
-
______ & ______ aren't allow above certain level in seed sale
dodder & johnsongrass
-
soil texture can't affect ____ of seeding
time
-
increase ABA concentration cause _____
stomata to close
-
rye has lots of ______ in endosperm
carbohydrate
-
_______ requires higher water content for germination
soybean
-
where 1st node of dicot are?
where cotyledons attached
-
root hairs:
- short life cycle
- single-cellular
- continually replaced
-
brace root:
found above ground on corn
-
___ is mobile around plant root & ___ is immobile
-
Tuber equals?
yellow nutsedge
-
johnsongrass can't be controlled by _____ but by _______ herbicide
-
______ & _____doesn't need scarification treatment
-
___lbs of rice in bushel
56
-
excess N cause ____ & K nutrient to avoid loading
lodging
-
5 requirements for seed germination:
- viable seed
- mature seed
- oxygen
- water/moisture
- temperature
-
new root of ___ come from phloem
dicot
-
_______ stems is horizontal underground
Rhizome
-
rice requires ____ water content for germination
low
-
grain drill:
- seeding equipment for planting wheat & barley
- 4-14 inches row spacing
-
row planters:
10-18 inches for corn, peanuts, & cotton
-
broadcast seeder:
specialized seeders
-
prohibited noxious weed is _____
yellow nutsedge
-
optimum storage condition:
- 40 degress F
- <50% humidity
- humidity more important than temperature
-
parallel veins can't be found in ____ leaf
dicot
-
axillary bud develops into:
- branches, tillers, or flowering structure
- located at each node of stem
-
coleoptiles, auricles can't be found in _____ & _____ leaf
-
5 seed dormancy mechanism:
- chemical inhibitor
- immature seed/embryo
- scarification
- light requirement
- stratification
-
radical to hypocotyl w/ primary root to hypocotyls hook on surface to cotyledons on surface w/ dropping seed coat to plumule come out from cotyledons w/ erecting hypocotyls to 1st true leaves w/ apical bud to 1st & 2nd node
can see epicotyls between 2nd node & 1st leaf
-
ET
- 67% proportion returns to atmosphere through ET from coterminous U.S
- soil texture don't affect
- low wind decrease ET
- FA higher ET than others
-
Shreveport belongs to ____ aquifer system
Sparta
-
decrease erosion & soil crusting are benefit of ______
cover crops
-
60% available water depleted means:
irrigation required
-
trickle irrigation would have:
- lower evaporation
- low leaching
- low erosion effect w/ no land preparation
-
A horizon has:
darker color
-
Pore space size in ____ is larger than clay
sandy
-
organic matter helps __ & loosen for clay & "____" together for sand
-
FC soil water form can't be used for plant growth b/c __________
fast movement of water by gravity
-
OM:
- high water holding capacity
- high nutrient holding capacity
- lack nutrients as decompose
-
Soil pH is acid ____ & soil basic at ___
-
soil organisms:
- convert organic form to inorganic form
- break down pesticide in long term
- improve soil structure
-
essential elements come from air & water
C, H, O
-
method of fertilizer application for corn
sidedress
-
saline soil has excess ______ & ______ occurs at soil
-
______ OM broken down faster than others
sugar
-
carbon storage in _____ is major reservior
deep ocean
-
_____ highest percentage in OM
carbon
-
___% organic carbon in 17% organic matter soil
10
-
C:N ratio affect immobilization or mineralization
- < 20 :1 mineralization
- 30: 1 immobilization
-
4 basic components of all soil w/ percentage of each:
- solid -- 50%
- water--25%
- air --25%
- OM--5%
-
particle sand size
< .05 mm
-
particle silt size:
.05- .002 mm
-
particle clay size:
> .002 mm
-
6 kingdoms:
- protista
- animalia
- archobacteria
- euobacteria
- fungi
- plantae
-
-
8 states belong to Ogalla aquifer:
- south dakota
- wyoming
- new mexico
- kansas
- texas
- nebraska
- colorado
- oklahoma
-
3 reasons why soil becomes acidic:
- leaching in high rainfall area
- crop removal of Ca & Mg
- denitrification of ammonia
-
4 ways to maintain soil OM
- prevent soil erosion
- return crop residue to soil/ no tillage practices
- adding organic material to soil
- add green manure
-
Rhizobium is a special _____
bacteria
-
-
bacteria occurs in _______ on lateral root
nodules
-
plant give _____ to special bacteria
energy
-
cereals 1st crop domesticated b/c of ____
easy storage
-
____ improve pasture
ryegrass
-
< __% moisture content required to avoid seed spoil when storing
14
-
perennial grow from:
year to year indefinitely
-
seuential cropping growing ______ crops one afterother in same year on same land
2 +
-
chlorophll in leaf contains ___ & ____
-
_____ produce by anaerobic respiration
butter
-
straw is:
dry small grain residue after grain been harvested
-
most recommended forages in LA:
- annual ryegrass
- cereal rye
- oats
- dallisgrass
- bermudagrass
- bahia grass
-
Louis Pasteur develeoped what?
vaccination for animals to immune disease
-
3 basic components of all seeds:
- energy source
- embryo
- seed coat
-
3 basic chemical components in seeds
-
Tetrazotium is:
dye trurns red to show viability dormant seed
-
types of producers of seed:
- breeders
- foundation
- registered
- certified
-
-
forbs means:
broadleaved, herbaceous plant
-
soilage mean?
corn or sorghum cut when green & fed directly
-
ferns & mosses dont have_____
seeds
-
ABA stands for?
abscisic acid
-
application method of spraying gertilizer on leaves
foliar
-
-
petiole not in ____ leaf
monocot
-
sorghum has ______ root
adventitious
-
Bermudagrass has _____
rhizome
-
Germplasm means?
genetic material made as seed or living plant, DNA for species or variety
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