MCAT Gen Chem 3.1

• Arrhenius: Acids produce [H⁺] ions in solution and bases produce [OH^–] ions in solution
• Bronstead-Lowry: Acids donate protons [H⁺]; bases accept protons [H⁺].
• Lewis: Acids accept a pair of electrons; bases donate a pair of electrons.

Amphoteric substances can act as either an acid or a base. (e.g. H₂O)

• pH = –log[H⁺]
• pOH = –log[OH^–]
• pH + pOH = 14

• HI
• HBr
• HCl
• HNO₃
• HClO₄
• HClO₃
• H₂SO₄

Polyprotic acids: acids with more than one acidic proton like sulfuric acid. The second proton is always significantly less acidic.

• Group IA hydroxides (NaOH, KOH, etc.)
• NH₂^–
• H^–
• Ca(OH)₂
• Na₂O
• CaO