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Another name for nerve cell
neuron
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what are neurons adapted for?
transmission of impulses
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what is the nervous system made up of?
nerve cells or neurons
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sensory neurons
transmit impulses from sense organs (receptors) to the brain + spinal cord
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receptors
senses: eyes, ears, tongue, nose, skin
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motor neurons
transmit impulses from brain and spinal cord to effectors (muscles and glands)
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effectors
muscles and glands
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interneurons
- in spinal cord + brain
- transmit nerve impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons
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nerves
neurons/parts of neurons bound together in a bundle
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sensory nerves
contain only sensory neurons
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motor nerves
contain only motor neurons
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mixed nerves
contain both sensory and motor neurons
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central nervous system
includes brain + spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
includes all nerves outside the central nervous system
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brain
- large mass of neurons
- located in cranial cavity
- surrounded + protected by bones of the skull
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cerebrum
- largest part of brain
- thought, memory, learning
- initiates all voluntary movements
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cerebellum
- located below and behind the cerebrum
- coordinates all motor activities
- maintains body's balance
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medulla
- base of the brain, connects brain to spinal cord
- involuntary activities (breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, peristalsis)
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spinal cord
coordinates activities between the brain + other body structures
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somatic nervous system
- includes nerves that control movements of voluntary muscle
- sensory neurons that transmit impulses from sense receptors to the CNS
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autonomic nervous system
- nerves that control activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, + glands
- activities not under voluntary control
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habit
learned behavior that becomes automatic through repetition
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reflex
automatic, inborn response to particular stimulus
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trace the path of a reflex arc
- impulses pass from a:
- receptor --> sensory neuron --> interneuron in the spinal cord --> motor neuron --> effector
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cerebral palsy
- damage to the parts of the brain that control voluntary movement
- damage occurs during embryonic development
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meningitis
- inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain + spinal cord
- viral or bacterial infections
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stroke
cerebral hemorrhage (broken blood vessel) or blood clot
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polio
- virus that affects the central nervous system and may result in paralysis
- prevented by immunization
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