Endocrine system

What are the 2 major intergrating systems?

Release hormones into the interrnal environment (body fluids)

Secrete to the outside environment, through ducts which lead to body surfaces.

Steroid hormones are formed from _____.

Name 4 types of non steroid hormones?

Amines steroid/non-steroid hormones and are formed from _____.

Peptide are steroid / non-steroid hormones and are formed from _____.

Proteins are non-steroid/steroid hormones and are formed from _____.

Glycoproteins are non-steroid/steroid hormones and are fromed from _____ and _____.

Steroid hormones are _____ in water and _____ in lipids.

_____ and _____ hormones are soluble in the lipids that make up the bulk of cell membranes. For this reason they can diffuse into cells relatively easily and may enter any cell in the body.

Put in order- steroid hormones:
1.Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and promotes transcription of messenger RNA.
2.Newly synthesized proteins produce hormones specific effects.
3. Steroid hormone diffuses through target cell membrane and enters nucleus.
4.Hormone combines with a receptor molecule
5. Endocrine glands secretes steroid hormone. 6.Messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis.

In steroid hormone action _____ binds to DNA and promotes transcription of messenger RNA.

Non-steroid hormone action put in order:
1.These enzymes activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes.
2.Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated within target cell's membrane.
3. Cellular changes produce the hormone's effects.
4. Endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormone.
5.Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, Activating G protein
6.Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP
7.Body fluid carries hormone to its target cell.
8.Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases.

Non-steroid:
What activates G protein?

Non-steroid:
Adenylate cyclase converts _____ into _____.

Non-steroid:
What happens in the conversion of ATP into c-AMP?

Non-steroid:
Cyclic AMP activates _____.

Non-steroid:
Protein kinases activate _____ in the cell that change metabolic processes.

What are the 2 inhibiting hormones from hypothalamus?

What 2 hormones come from the hypothalamus to either stimulate or inhibit growth hormone?

What 3 things does growth hormone stimulate or inhibit the growth of?

what does prolactin do?

What are the 2 hormones that come from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland that stimulate or inhibit prolactin production?

Where does the hormone prolactin go to from the anterior pituitary gland?

Effects thyroid:
The hypothalamus releases _____into the anterior pituitary gland and anterior pituitary gland secrecretes _____ into the blood stream to effect the thyroid.

Adrenal cortex:
The hypothalamus releases _____ in response to decreased concentrations of adrenal cortical hormones. The anterior pituitary gland secretes _____ to the adrenal cortex in response to stress.

Gonadotropins:
_____controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries. It also stimulates the follicular cells to secrete female hormones called _____. In males this hormone stimaltes production of _____ in testes.

Gonadotropins:
_____ promotes secretion of sex hormones in both male and female and is essential for the release of egg cells in the ovaries

Starting at puberty the hypothalamus secretes _____to the anterior pituitary gland.

Gonadotropin:
The anterior pituitary will release _____ or _____ to the male and female gonads.

The pituitary gland sits ontop of the _____ which is part of the _____ bone.

Anti-diuretic hormone and oxytocin come from where?

Causes kidneys to reduce water excretion; in high concentration, raises blood pressure.

Contracts muscles in uterine wall and those associated with milk secreting glands.

What are the 3 hormones release by the thyroid gland?

Hormones of the thyroid gland:
_____ Increases rate of energy release from carbohydrates; increases rate of protein synthesis; accelerates growth; stimulates activity in the nervous system.
_____ does the same job but is 5 times more potent.

Hormones of the thyroid gland:
Lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations by inhibiting release of calcium andphosphate ions from bones abd by increasing the rate at which calcium and phosphate ions are deposited in bones.

Autoantibodies against self bind to thyroid stimulating hormone receptors on thyroid cell membranes, mimicking action of THS, overstimulating gland (Hyperthyroidism) this is an exothalmic goider

High metabolic rate , sensitivity to heat, restlessness, hyperactivity, weight loss, protruding eyes, goiter.

antobodies against self attack thyroid cells, producing hypothyroidism

stunned growth, abnormal bone formation , mental retardation, low body temperature, sluggish

Low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, sluggishniess, poor appetitie, swollen tissues, mental dullness

deficiency of thyroid hormones due to iodine dificiency

Respoinsible for increasing calcium absorptiom in small intestine.

The parathyroid hormone stimulates calcium into what 3 organs? how is it done?

Overproducing PTH, Increased PTH secretion overstimulates osteoclasts causing a tumor.

Muscle cramps and seizures. Decreased PTH secreations reduces osteoclast activity diminishing blood calcium ion concentration.

What are the 3 hormoines of the adrenal cortex?

What releases aldosterone?

Helps regulate the concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions and excreating potassium ions.

Decreases protein synthesis, increases fatty acid releases, and stimulates glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates
stress hormone

Suppliment sex hormones from the gonads; may be converted into estrogens.

what are the 3 hormones of the pancreatic islets?

Stimulates liver to break down glycogen and convert noncarbohydrates into glucose; stimulates breakdown of fats

Promotes formation of glycogen from glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates into glucose; and enhances movements of glucose through adipose and muscle cell membranes, decreasing blood glucose concentration; promotes transport of amino acids into cells; enhances synthesis of protein and fats

Helps regulate carbohydrates