IMPERWW2.txt

� Roosevelt and Pinchotsided on conservation rather than preservation (planned andregulated use of forest lands for public and commercial uses)

� �trustbuster� (busted twice as many asRoosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, causedRepublican split)

� party formed from Republican split byRoosevelt, more progressive values, leaving �Republican OldGuard� to control Republican party

� federal government to increase power over economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed by Roosevelt (after presidency)

� ideas of Wilson: small enterprise, states� rights,more active government, trustbusting, left social issues up to thestates

� Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active thanRoosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act

� created Federal Reserve System, regional banks set up for twelve separate districts, final authority of each bank lay with the Federal Reserve Board, paper money to be issued�Federal Reserve Notes�

� James G. Blaine sought to open up LatinAmerican markets to the U.S.; rejected by Latin America due tofear of U.S. dominance and satisfaction with European market

(Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst) � aimed to excite American imperialist interests; media bias,subjective representation of events

� belligerent nationalism against other threateningnations

� ex-Lincoln secretary; worked togain Open Door Notes� acceptance from the major powers

� sought to eliminate spheres of influence andavoid European monopolies in China; unaccepted by the powers inmind

(1898) � McKinley reluctant; armedintervention to free Cuba from Spain; Roosevelt�s �Rough Riders�made attack on Spanish at Cuba

� meant to provide evacuationopportunity for Americans in Cuba; internal accidental explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish-American War

� U.S. would ensure that Cuba would be protected from European powers and maintain a place in Cubanaffairs; provided coal and naval stations

� granted to U.S. at the end of Spanish-American War; Philippineswere captured after treaty, and thus not part of spoils, but kept asterritory with an inevitable movement for independence;Philippines and Hawaii steps toward Asia

� Admiral Deweydefeated Spanish initially; American troops (aided byAguinaldo�s insurgents) captured Manila, leading to annexation

� secretly sponsored peacenegotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly onAsia; concerned with safety of Philippines

� military and naval preparedness

� U.S. felt it was itsduty to �watch out� for the interests of other countries in theWestern hemisphere; provided justification for invasions of LatinAmerica.

� needed to protect new Pacific acquisitions, U.S.took over the project from the French after overcoming Clatyton-Bulwer Treaty (prohibited exclusive control of canal) with the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

(1908) � in response to Japanesediscrimination in San Fran schools; Japanese to stop laborers intoU.S., Californians forbidden to ban Japanese from public schools

� government would protect America�sforeign investments with any force needed; under president Taft

� intervention in Mexican Revolution (Maderooverthrew dictator Diaz) to overthrow Madero out of fear of property confiscation, General Huerta (seen as �brute� by Wilson,sought new leader) replaced Madero

• � Huerta�s enemy, reluctantlysupported by U.S.; U.S. sought Villa�s submission due to terrorism,eventually assassinated; Wilson�s policy highly unpopular
• World War I (1910-1920)

� British passenger liner secretly carrying ammunitionsunk by German u-boat, included American passengers

� intercepted by Britain; Germany proposedalliance with Mexico, using bribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ;Japan included in alliance

� Germany announced that itwould sink all (including American) ships, attempt to involve U.S.in war

� Committee on Public Information; aimed tosell America and the world on Wilson�s war goals; propaganda,censorship, �four-minute men� speeches, �Liberty Leagues� (spyon community)

� attempted to centralize production of war materials; ineffective due to American desire for laissez-fairegovernment

� Selective Service Act to require men toregister with few exceptions; women and blacks drafted/enlisted,highly successful

� relied on voluntarycompliance (no formal laws), propaganda; high prices set oncommodities to encourage production, Prohibition

� public treaties, free trade, free seas, reducedarmament burdens, anti-imperialism, independence to minorities,international organization

� foreshadowed in 14 points, hoped toguarantee political independence and integrity of all countries

� mass migration northward; mainly blacksmigrating from the southern states into the north hoping for lessdiscrimination

� 14 formal amendments to the treaty for theLeague of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desiredto keep declaration of war to itself

� avoided league of Nations, opposed Latin Americaninvolvement

� fines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military; forbade any form of criticism of the government and military

� upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act;Congress right to limit free speech during times of war

(1919) � anti-communist crusades due to fear of radicalism spurred by Bolshevik rebellion

� Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism

(1919) � spurred by Great Migration,large-scale riots, lynchings, &c. The 1920s and 1930s

� severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminateagainst foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned Americanvalues

� spawned resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan based on The Clansman

� spread quickly; opposed everything that was notWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) (and conservative),Stephenson�s faults and jail sentence led to demise

(1924) � reduced quota, reduced numbersfrom eastern and southern Europe, Asians banned, Canadians andLatin Americans exempt

� prejudiced jury sentenced them todeath, caused riots around the world, new trial denied

� Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and newscientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible andCreationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism(defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty

� supported by women andchurches, instituted by Volstead Act, lacked enforcement; bootlegging and speakeasies, Al Capone and John Dillinger � gangsters and organized crime (casual breaking of the law)

• Scientific Management
• � efficient workingmethods to increase productivity; usually resulted in lower wages(hated by workers), power to managers

� mass production of the Model-T,workers as potential consumers (raise wages), supported other industries and raised employment

• The Man Nobody Knows
• � glorification of business, Jesus as a businessman, relationship between religion andmanufacturing

� new industry, leisure time with family, sports industrystimulated, political advertisements, newscasts, broadcast of music

(ERA) � Alice Paul; shockedtraditionalism, League of Women Voters supported; neworganization of women who were now more independent

� expressed new freedom of women, sexual revolution

� illegal, but widely accepted;with new promiscuity

� dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation andragtime; jazz migrated along with blacks in the Great Migration

� new generation of writers outside of Protestantism, resentment of ideals betrayed by society; Fitzgerald(despised materialism, Great Gatsby), Hemingway(disillusionment, war experience), Lewis (against upper class � Babbit and Mainstreet), Faulkner (stream of consciousness), T.S.Eliot

authors: Langston Hughes, McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullet � praise and expression of black culture of the time

(UNIA) � �Back to Africa� movement for racial pride andseparatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks

� considered a hero for his solo crossing of theAtlantic by plane

(1921) � US, Britain,Japan, France, and Italy to reduce naval tonnage and haltconstruction for 10 years; US and Japan to respect Pacific territorialholdings, Kellog-Briand Pact to �outlaw war�

(1924) � to make German reparations from WWI moreaccessible to Germans; evacuation of troops from Germany,reorganization of the Reichsbank, and foreign loans

� lowering of income taxes for wealthy (trickle-down economics), refusal tocreate higher prices to help farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill)

� raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

� Albert Fall accused of accepting bribesfor access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming

� known as �wartimefood czar;� created recreation policies and reintroduced leisureculture and conservation ethic to get Americans escaping the citiesand improve tourism, &c.

� introduced the�trickle-down� economics theory in order to promote business andincrease money available for speculation

� agricultural depression as precursor to thedepression; unheeded omen of problems in the economic structure(prices too low � too much supply for the demand)

� rise in stock prices and speculation,decline of construction industry, mistaken �trickle-down�economics, reliance on credit

(1929) � stock prices fell drastically;without buyers, the stocks became essentially worthless; cause bank crashes, &c.

emphasized importance of private charities to help the depression

� sets of cardboard box houses that epitomized thecountry�s blame on Hoover for the cause of the Depression

� veterans from WWI sought their pensions beforethey were too old to use them; they were denied and were run outof Washington (violently, by MacArthur)

(RFC) � attempted to boosteconomy by making loans to banks and insurance companies,hoping to restart them

� introduced his �New Deal,� wonelection by a relative landslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust)

� FDR�s plan (although vague during the campaign) torestart the economy and pull America out of the Great Depression

� FDR�s inner circle of experts rather than just politicians in the cabinet

• � accomplished great number of relief, recovery,and reform efforts; sought practical solutions to the problems
• byexperimentation

� four-day banking holiday tocreate controlled inflation, followed by reopening of sound banks, and reorganization of unsound banks

: 1933-35, improved (but notrecovered) economy

prevented extreme competition, labor-management disputes, and over-production; federallycoordinated consensus of business leaders (Hugh Johnson) toregulate businesses(wages,limits, working conditions)

• Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
• � subsidies to farmers todecrease production and thus increase prices

hydroelectric power toriver valley; brought social and economic development to very poor area

employed young joblessmen with government projects on work relief and environment

provided more fundsto state and local relief efforts

� Harold Ickles, provided public construction projects

: 1935-38, reform-minded, more political

• Works Progress Administration (WPA) �
• HarryHopkins; provide work for unemployed and construct publicworks, &c. through Emergency Relief Appropriation Act; muchlike Civil Works Administration

banned child labor,established minimum wage

� philosophy that deficit spending during adepression would increase purchasing power and stimulateeconomy; FDR disagreed with the policy at first and borrowedmoney to cover deficits

(1934) � halted sale of tribal lands,enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands; repealed DawesSeveralty Act of 1887; helped secure Indians� entry into New Dealassociations; led by John Collier

� first female cabinetmember

� killed the AAA, although FDR insisted oncontinuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs

� unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegationof legislative authority from Congress to executive

� Judiciary Reorganization Bill; FDR�s attempt to put in extra judges who would support him without doubt

� Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the duststorms and drought known as the Dust Bowl

� nationalists against foreign non-English speaking workers (took jobs away from American men);encouraged to leave the U.S.

: Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long (�share our wealth�), FrancisTownshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)

� loss of members due to new following of CIO and discrimination

(CIO) � created by John L.Lewis for unskilled labor, organized �sit-down strike� against GMto work for recognition

� hired to photograph ordinary Americansexperiencing the depression World War II (1920-1945)

� withdrawal of American troops fromforeign nations (especially Latin America) to improve internationalrelations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum(rebukes the �big stick�); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields

� Americans concerned witheconomic depression; sought to avoid European involvement, noapparent immediate threats

� prohibited aiding of belligerent nations, banned civilian involvement; limited power of president duringinternational war, built up armed forces

� FDR encouraged democracies toquarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized byisolationists

� allowed sale of weaponry to democracieson �cash-and-carry� basis, avoided full-blown war; danger zones proclaimed; solved American unemployment crisis

� FDR asked for increased authority toaid Britain; freedom of speech/expression, of religion, from want,from fear; resulted in Lend-Lease

� President to offer military supplies tonations �vital to the defense of the US�; ended US neutrality(economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink Americanships (limited scale)

� Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted inFDR�s request for declaration of war against Japan; Germany andItaly responded with declarations of war

� FDR and Churchill agreed todefeat Germany first rather than concentrate on Japan

Midway (US Signal Corps, turning point of war in the Pacific), D-Day (Eisenhower�s amphibiousinvasion of Normandy, led to depletion of German forces),

� fear of Japanese-Americans as traitors,sent off (by law) to internment camps; removal of deemed threatsin military areas

� risk of too manycasualties and high costs for hand-to-hand combat/invasion,Japanese surrender unlikely

� established world organization; SovietUnion pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War

� decided to punish war crimes,established program for de-Nazification of Germany

� westward migration of workers (new economicopportunities, esp. aircraft industry), high rates of divorce andfamily/juvenile violence, women encouraged to work in factories,still held inferior to men

� Americans at home reminded to conserve materialsin all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving upof money to cause economic boom after war

� symbol of women workers during the war

� through CIO, led three coal mine strikes (some of the very few strikes during the time period)

� brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs,concentrated in southern CA, given extremely poor workingconditions (as they were not American citizens)

� racism riots against Mexican laborers (importedfor jobs)

� ledBrotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: threatened a siege on DC if FDR did not agree to end discrimination in military

� prohibiteddiscrimination in any government-related work; increased black employment