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Preservationism vs. Conservationism
� Roosevelt and Pinchotsided on conservation rather than preservation (planned andregulated use of forest lands for public and commercial uses)
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William H. Taft
� �trustbuster� (busted twice as many asRoosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, causedRepublican split)
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Bull Moose Party
� party formed from Republican split byRoosevelt, more progressive values, leaving �Republican OldGuard� to control Republican party
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New Nationalism
� federal government to increase power over economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed by Roosevelt (after presidency)
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New Freedom
� ideas of Wilson: small enterprise, states� rights,more active government, trustbusting, left social issues up to thestates
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Woodrow Wilson
� Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active thanRoosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act
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Federal Reserve Act
� created Federal Reserve System, regional banks set up for twelve separate districts, final authority of each bank lay with the Federal Reserve Board, paper money to be issued�Federal Reserve Notes�
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Pan-Americanism
� James G. Blaine sought to open up LatinAmerican markets to the U.S.; rejected by Latin America due tofear of U.S. dominance and satisfaction with European market
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Yellow journalism
(Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst) � aimed to excite American imperialist interests; media bias,subjective representation of events
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Jingoism
� belligerent nationalism against other threateningnations
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Secretary of State John Hay
� ex-Lincoln secretary; worked togain Open Door Notes� acceptance from the major powers
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Open Door Policy
� sought to eliminate spheres of influence andavoid European monopolies in China; unaccepted by the powers inmind
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Spanish American War
(1898) � McKinley reluctant; armedintervention to free Cuba from Spain; Roosevelt�s �Rough Riders�made attack on Spanish at Cuba
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Explosion of USS Maine
� meant to provide evacuationopportunity for Americans in Cuba; internal accidental explosion blamed on Spanish mines, leading to Spanish-American War
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Platt Amendment
� U.S. would ensure that Cuba would be protected from European powers and maintain a place in Cubanaffairs; provided coal and naval stations
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US acquisitions: Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam
� granted to U.S. at the end of Spanish-American War; Philippineswere captured after treaty, and thus not part of spoils, but kept asterritory with an inevitable movement for independence;Philippines and Hawaii steps toward Asia
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Naval battle in Manila Bay, Philippines
� Admiral Deweydefeated Spanish initially; American troops (aided byAguinaldo�s insurgents) captured Manila, leading to annexation
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TR mediates Russo-Japanese War
� secretly sponsored peacenegotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly onAsia; concerned with safety of Philippines
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President Theodore Roosevelt
� military and naval preparedness
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Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
� U.S. felt it was itsduty to �watch out� for the interests of other countries in theWestern hemisphere; provided justification for invasions of LatinAmerica.
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Panama Canal
� needed to protect new Pacific acquisitions, U.S.took over the project from the French after overcoming Clatyton-Bulwer Treaty (prohibited exclusive control of canal) with the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
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�Gentlemen�s Agreement�
(1908) � in response to Japanesediscrimination in San Fran schools; Japanese to stop laborers intoU.S., Californians forbidden to ban Japanese from public schools
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�Dollar Diplomacy�
� government would protect America�sforeign investments with any force needed; under president Taft
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Moral Diplomacy
� intervention in Mexican Revolution (Maderooverthrew dictator Diaz) to overthrow Madero out of fear of property confiscation, General Huerta (seen as �brute� by Wilson,sought new leader) replaced Madero
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Invasion of Mexico, Pancho Villa
- � Huerta�s enemy, reluctantlysupported by U.S.; U.S. sought Villa�s submission due to terrorism,eventually assassinated; Wilson�s policy highly unpopular
- World War I (1910-1920)
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Lusitania
� British passenger liner secretly carrying ammunitionsunk by German u-boat, included American passengers
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Zimmerman Note
� intercepted by Britain; Germany proposedalliance with Mexico, using bribe of return of TX, NM, and AZ;Japan included in alliance
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
� Germany announced that itwould sink all (including American) ships, attempt to involve U.S.in war
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Creel Committee
� Committee on Public Information; aimed tosell America and the world on Wilson�s war goals; propaganda,censorship, �four-minute men� speeches, �Liberty Leagues� (spyon community)
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War Industries Board
� attempted to centralize production of war materials; ineffective due to American desire for laissez-fairegovernment
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Conscription policies
� Selective Service Act to require men toregister with few exceptions; women and blacks drafted/enlisted,highly successful
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Herbert Hoover�s Food Administration
� relied on voluntarycompliance (no formal laws), propaganda; high prices set oncommodities to encourage production, Prohibition
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Wilson�s 14 points
� public treaties, free trade, free seas, reducedarmament burdens, anti-imperialism, independence to minorities,international organization
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League of Nations
� foreshadowed in 14 points, hoped toguarantee political independence and integrity of all countries
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Great Migration
� mass migration northward; mainly blacksmigrating from the southern states into the north hoping for lessdiscrimination
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Lodge Reservations
� 14 formal amendments to the treaty for theLeague of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desiredto keep declaration of war to itself
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Isolationism
� avoided league of Nations, opposed Latin Americaninvolvement
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Espionage Act and Sedition Act
� fines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military; forbade any form of criticism of the government and military
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Schenk v. U.S.
� upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act;Congress right to limit free speech during times of war
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�Red Scare�
(1919) � anti-communist crusades due to fear of radicalism spurred by Bolshevik rebellion
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Palmer Raids
� Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism
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�Red Summer,� race riots
(1919) � spurred by Great Migration,large-scale riots, lynchings, &c. The 1920s and 1930s
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Nativism
� severe immigration laws to discourage and discriminateagainst foreigners, believed to erode old-fashioned Americanvalues
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Birth of a Nation
� spawned resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan based on The Clansman
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Ku Klux Klan
� spread quickly; opposed everything that was notWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) (and conservative),Stephenson�s faults and jail sentence led to demise
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National Origins Act
(1924) � reduced quota, reduced numbersfrom eastern and southern Europe, Asians banned, Canadians andLatin Americans exempt
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Sacco & Vanzetti Trial
� prejudiced jury sentenced them todeath, caused riots around the world, new trial denied
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Scopes Trial
� Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and newscientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible andCreationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism(defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty
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Prohibition, rise of organized crime
� supported by women andchurches, instituted by Volstead Act, lacked enforcement; bootlegging and speakeasies, Al Capone and John Dillinger � gangsters and organized crime (casual breaking of the law)
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Frederick W. Taylor,
- Scientific Management
- � efficient workingmethods to increase productivity; usually resulted in lower wages(hated by workers), power to managers
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Henry Ford�s assembly line
� mass production of the Model-T,workers as potential consumers (raise wages), supported other industries and raised employment
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Bruce Barton:
- The Man Nobody Knows
- � glorification of business, Jesus as a businessman, relationship between religion andmanufacturing
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Radio
� new industry, leisure time with family, sports industrystimulated, political advertisements, newscasts, broadcast of music
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Equal Rights Amendment
(ERA) � Alice Paul; shockedtraditionalism, League of Women Voters supported; neworganization of women who were now more independent
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Flappers
� expressed new freedom of women, sexual revolution
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Margaret Sanger & birth control
� illegal, but widely accepted;with new promiscuity
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Jazz
� dance music, slave spirituals adapted into improvisation andragtime; jazz migrated along with blacks in the Great Migration
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�Lost Generation�
� new generation of writers outside of Protestantism, resentment of ideals betrayed by society; Fitzgerald(despised materialism, Great Gatsby), Hemingway(disillusionment, war experience), Lewis (against upper class � Babbit and Mainstreet), Faulkner (stream of consciousness), T.S.Eliot
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Harlem Renaissance
authors: Langston Hughes, McKay, Zora Neale Hurston, Countee Cullet � praise and expression of black culture of the time
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Marcus Garvey, United Negro Improvement Association
(UNIA) � �Back to Africa� movement for racial pride andseparatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks
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Charles Lindbergh
� considered a hero for his solo crossing of theAtlantic by plane
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Washington Disarmament Conference
(1921) � US, Britain,Japan, France, and Italy to reduce naval tonnage and haltconstruction for 10 years; US and Japan to respect Pacific territorialholdings, Kellog-Briand Pact to �outlaw war�
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Dawes Plan
(1924) � to make German reparations from WWI moreaccessible to Germans; evacuation of troops from Germany,reorganization of the Reichsbank, and foreign loans
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Conservative policies of Harding and Coolidge
� lowering of income taxes for wealthy (trickle-down economics), refusal tocreate higher prices to help farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill)
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Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) & Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
� raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade
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Teapot Dome scandal
� Albert Fall accused of accepting bribesfor access to government oil in Teapot Dome, Wyoming
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Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce
� known as �wartimefood czar;� created recreation policies and reintroduced leisureculture and conservation ethic to get Americans escaping the citiesand improve tourism, &c.
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Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury
� introduced the�trickle-down� economics theory in order to promote business andincrease money available for speculation
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Farm crisis
� agricultural depression as precursor to thedepression; unheeded omen of problems in the economic structure(prices too low � too much supply for the demand)
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Causes of the depression
� rise in stock prices and speculation,decline of construction industry, mistaken �trickle-down�economics, reliance on credit
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Stock market crash
(1929) � stock prices fell drastically;without buyers, the stocks became essentially worthless; cause bank crashes, &c.
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Hoover�s policy of voluntarism �
emphasized importance of private charities to help the depression
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Hoovervilles
� sets of cardboard box houses that epitomized thecountry�s blame on Hoover for the cause of the Depression
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Bonus Army
� veterans from WWI sought their pensions beforethey were too old to use them; they were denied and were run outof Washington (violently, by MacArthur)
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Reconstruction Finance Corporation
(RFC) � attempted to boosteconomy by making loans to banks and insurance companies,hoping to restart them
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President Franklin Roosevelt
� introduced his �New Deal,� wonelection by a relative landslide (he was not Hoover, whom the public now did not trust)
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New Deal
� FDR�s plan (although vague during the campaign) torestart the economy and pull America out of the Great Depression
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�Brain trust�
� FDR�s inner circle of experts rather than just politicians in the cabinet
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�Hundred days�
- � accomplished great number of relief, recovery,and reform efforts; sought practical solutions to the problems
- byexperimentation
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Emergency Banking Relief Act
� four-day banking holiday tocreate controlled inflation, followed by reopening of sound banks, and reorganization of unsound banks
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�First� New Deal Programs
: 1933-35, improved (but notrecovered) economy
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National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) & National RecoveryAdministration (NRA) �
prevented extreme competition, labor-management disputes, and over-production; federallycoordinated consensus of business leaders (Hugh Johnson) toregulate businesses(wages,limits, working conditions)
- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
- � subsidies to farmers todecrease production and thus increase prices
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) �
hydroelectric power toriver valley; brought social and economic development to very poor area
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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) �
employed young joblessmen with government projects on work relief and environment
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Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) �
provided more fundsto state and local relief efforts
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Public Works Administration (PWA)
� Harold Ickles, provided public construction projects
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) � insureddeposits < $5000, reassured American public of the worth of banks
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�Second� New Deal Programs
: 1935-38, reform-minded, more political
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Social Security Act of 1935 (SSA) � used withheldmoney from payrolls to provide aid to the unemployed,industrial accident victims, and young mothers; principle of government responsibility for social welfare
- Works Progress Administration (WPA) �
- HarryHopkins; provide work for unemployed and construct publicworks, &c. through Emergency Relief Appropriation Act; muchlike Civil Works Administration
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Wagner Act / National Labor Relations Act � collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics
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Fair Labor Standards Act �
banned child labor,established minimum wage
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Keynesian economics
� philosophy that deficit spending during adepression would increase purchasing power and stimulateeconomy; FDR disagreed with the policy at first and borrowedmoney to cover deficits
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Indian Reorganization Act
(1934) � halted sale of tribal lands,enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands; repealed DawesSeveralty Act of 1887; helped secure Indians� entry into New Dealassociations; led by John Collier
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Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor
� first female cabinetmember
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Butler v. U.S.
� killed the AAA, although FDR insisted oncontinuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs
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Schechter v. U.S.
� unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegationof legislative authority from Congress to executive
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Court Packing
� Judiciary Reorganization Bill; FDR�s attempt to put in extra judges who would support him without doubt
-
�Okies� and �Arkies�
� Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the duststorms and drought known as the Dust Bowl
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Deportations of Mexicans
� nationalists against foreign non-English speaking workers (took jobs away from American men);encouraged to leave the U.S.
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Critics of FDR
: Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long (�share our wealth�), FrancisTownshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)
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Split of AFL in 1935
� loss of members due to new following of CIO and discrimination
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Congress of Industrial Organizations
(CIO) � created by John L.Lewis for unskilled labor, organized �sit-down strike� against GMto work for recognition
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Dorothea Lange
� hired to photograph ordinary Americansexperiencing the depression World War II (1920-1945)
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Good Neighbor Policy
� withdrawal of American troops fromforeign nations (especially Latin America) to improve internationalrelations and unite western hemisphere; Clark Memorandum(rebukes the �big stick�); peaceful resolution of Mexican oil fields
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Isolationism in 1920s & 1930s
� Americans concerned witheconomic depression; sought to avoid European involvement, noapparent immediate threats
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Neutrality Acts, 1935-37
� prohibited aiding of belligerent nations, banned civilian involvement; limited power of president duringinternational war, built up armed forces
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Quarantine Speech, 1937
� FDR encouraged democracies toquarantine their opponents (economic embargos); criticized byisolationists
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Neutrality Act, 1939
� allowed sale of weaponry to democracieson �cash-and-carry� basis, avoided full-blown war; danger zones proclaimed; solved American unemployment crisis
-
�Four Freedoms� speech
� FDR asked for increased authority toaid Britain; freedom of speech/expression, of religion, from want,from fear; resulted in Lend-Lease
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Lend-Lease Act (1941)
� President to offer military supplies tonations �vital to the defense of the US�; ended US neutrality(economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink Americanships (limited scale)
-
Pearl Harbor
� Japanese bombing of ships in harbor; resulted inFDR�s request for declaration of war against Japan; Germany andItaly responded with declarations of war
-
First American strategy in WWII
� FDR and Churchill agreed todefeat Germany first rather than concentrate on Japan
-
Important WWII Battles:
Midway (US Signal Corps, turning point of war in the Pacific), D-Day (Eisenhower�s amphibiousinvasion of Normandy, led to depletion of German forces),
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Stalingrad (Russians defeated Germans, saved Moscow andLeningrad, turning point in Europe)
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Japanese internment
� fear of Japanese-Americans as traitors,sent off (by law) to internment camps; removal of deemed threatsin military areas
-
Reasons for US to drop atomic bombs
� risk of too manycasualties and high costs for hand-to-hand combat/invasion,Japanese surrender unlikely
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Yalta Conference (1945)
� established world organization; SovietUnion pledged to allow democratic procedures in Eastern Europe; pledge broken, led to Cold War
-
Potsdam Conference (1945)
� decided to punish war crimes,established program for de-Nazification of Germany
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The Homefront
� westward migration of workers (new economicopportunities, esp. aircraft industry), high rates of divorce andfamily/juvenile violence, women encouraged to work in factories,still held inferior to men
-
Rationing
� Americans at home reminded to conserve materialsin all aspects of life to support the military; resulted in saving upof money to cause economic boom after war
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Rosie the Riveter
� symbol of women workers during the war
-
John L. Lewis
� through CIO, led three coal mine strikes (some of the very few strikes during the time period)
-
Braceroprogram
� brought in Mexicans for temporary jobs,concentrated in southern CA, given extremely poor workingconditions (as they were not American citizens)
-
Zoot Suit riots
� racism riots against Mexican laborers (importedfor jobs)
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A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington
� ledBrotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters: threatened a siege on DC if FDR did not agree to end discrimination in military
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Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
� prohibiteddiscrimination in any government-related work; increased black employment
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