jeffersonian.txt

� Radical Calvinists againstthe Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and establishedthe settlement at Plymouth

� believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic toPacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in therace to Asian wealth

� required of members of the PuritanChurch; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church

� society naturally punishes criminalsindiscriminantly

� Protestant church led by the king of England,independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism duringreign of Catholic royalty

� often debtors sold to slave traders by Africankings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange

� first permanent English settlement in the Americas(1607), along James River

� introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation,diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish andTurks

� key to English-Native American relationship, died inEngland in 1617

� foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land

� Calvinist, devised concept of �city on a hill�(�A Model of Christian Charity�); founded highly successful townsin Massachusetts Bay

� exemplary Christian community, rich toshow charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs

� settlers to pay the expenses of aservant�s voyage and be granted land for each person they broughtover; headright system

� mandated thetoleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even thoughMaryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)

� reluctant to give colonists their owngovernment, preferred to appoint royal governors

� settled in Pennsylvania, believed the �Inner Light� could speak through any person and ranreligious services without ministers

� challenged New Englanders to completelyseparate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church

� challenged New England Calvinistministers� authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism

� New Englanders who did not wishto relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saintsso that their children would be able to have the opportunity to besaints

• � rebels felt the governor of Virginia failedto protect the frontier from the Native Americans
• Independence (1763-1789)

� only English and American ships allowed tocolonial ports; dissent began in 1763

� ensured trade with mother country, nationalism;too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists

� tried to rule as absolute monarchswithout using Parliament, little to no sympathy for coloniallegislature

� ended the Dominion of New England,gave power back to colonies

� combined Massachusetts, NewHampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one �supercolony� governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a �supergovernor�

� William and Mary kicked James II outof England (exiled into France), allowed more power to thelegislatures

� established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors

� emphasis on human reason, logic, andscience (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity

� connected the colonies to Britain, opposed tounnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan

� began by Edwards to return to Puritanism,increased overall religious involvement, gave women more activeroles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughoutthe country; mainly affected towns and cities

� believed that God created the universe to act throughnatural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine

� powerful speaker, toured the country andinspired many into Christianity

� Puritan minister, led revivals, stressedimmediate repentance

� New Lights brought new ideas,rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independentof each other

� colonies proposed colonial confederationunder lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, �GrandCouncil�); never took effect

� French threat at the borders was nolonger present, therefore the colonies didn�t need English protection; more independent stand against Britain

� prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth

� Parliament took minor actions in the colonies,allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements

� search warrants on shipping to reducesmuggling; challenged by James Otis

� similar to Navigatio; raised money to paycolonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries

� increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attemptedto harder enforce existing tariffs

� taxes on all legal documents to support British troops,not approved by colonists through their representatives

� held in New York, agreed to not importBritish goods until Stamp Act was repealed

� �no taxation without representation,�introduced by Patrick Henry

� prohibited colonies from issuing paper money,destabilized colonial economy

� all English subjects are represented inParliament, including those not allowed to vote

� group of Bostonians in opposition to theStamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city

� organized and controlled resistance againstParliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom),advocated nonimportation

� allowed Parliament to completely legislateover the colonies, limited colonists� say

� British soldiers shot into crowd of snowballfight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter

� committees appointed fromdifferent colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies

� intended to save British East India Companyfrom bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather thanthrough wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)

� peaceful destruction of British tea inBoston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians

� former French subjects in Canada allowed tokeep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participatein the Church of England

� in reaction to the BostonTea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusettscharter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authoritywould be tried in England or another colony

� organize militia, end trade with Britain,refuse to pay taxes to Britain

� politely demanded from the king acease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of Americanrights

• Common Sense
• � stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution;appealed to American emotions

� American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down WhiskeyRebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidentialcabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial stylerule

� most numerous in New England, fought for independence

� fought for return to colonial rule, usuallyconservative (educated and wealthy)

� British citizenshipoutnumbered colonies�, large navy and professional army; exhaustedresources (Hessians hired), national debt

� fair amount of troops, shortguerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); nonprofessionalarmy that could not handle long battles

� American general Horatio Gates wasvictorious over British general Burgoyne

� scarce supplies (food and clothing), armymotivated by von Steuben

� last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis,led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies

� full American independence, territorywest of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensatedfor seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland

• Connecticut Compromise
• � advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state andrepresentation in the House based on population
• �
• Virginia Plan
• � bicameral congressional representation based on population
• �
• New Jersey Plan
• � equal representation in unicameral congress

� congress could tax imports but notexports

� strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution

� stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simplemajority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign andinterstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes,federal courts, easier amendment process

system for orderly settlement of West

� gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution

� Anti-Federalists wantedstates� rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion,more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wantedstrong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protectindividual rights

• � written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay,and Madison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extendedover large territory
• Post-Independence and Critical Period (1789-1800)

� established federal district courts thatfollowed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction;compromise between nationalists and advocates for states� rights

� protected rights of individual from the power of the central government

� Hamilton�s plan to solveRevolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution

� proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of statedebts, set up the first National Bank

� Hamilton praised efficientfactories with few managers over many workers, promoteemigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology

� looseinterpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress

� Western Pennsylvanian farmers� violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent

� Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in thesouth, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in NewOrleans and St. Augustine

� British Navy would take American sailors andforce them to work for Britain

� provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes

� states could refuse to enforce the federal lawsthey deemed unconstitutional

� the two political parties thatformed following Washington�s presidency; Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger state governments

� warned against permanentforeign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country,established precedent of two-term presidency

• � response to French attemptsfor alliance with US
• American society during the Revolution
• � British-occupiedcities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loanedmoney, African-Americans and Native Americans involved

� states joined for foreign affairs,Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes

� foundationfor First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state

� defined process for territoriesto become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in thenew territories

� pushed for Assumption (federalgovernment to assume state debts), pushed creation of the NationalBank (most controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution,leader of Federalist Party

� strong central government, separation of powers, �extended republic�

� mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy,forced people to think about central government

� French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe in order to meet with American peace commission, madeAdams unpopular among the people

� meant to keep governmentunquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists

� argued that states hadthe right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congresswere constitutional

� required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates Citizen Genet � Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation bycreating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which wasdirected to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St.Augustine

• � emphasis on personal salvation,emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks;nationalism (Manifest Destiny)
• Jefferson�s Administration and Growth of Nationalism (1800-1820)

� Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost,Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists tovote for Jefferson to break the tie

� North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtainedfees from most European powers

� judges appointed to Supreme Court byAdams in the last days of his presidency to force them uponJefferson, Marshall among those appointed

� John Marshall declared that the SupremeCourt could declare federal laws unconstitutional

� Meriwether Lewis and WilliamClark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on�Voyage of Discovery�

� sought to encourage domestic Americanmanufacturing

� president has power to cease trade withany foreign country that violated American neutrality

� prohibited exports (and imports) basedin American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation

� Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain(War of 1812)

� Henry Clayaimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g.,support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)

� opposed Polk�s high-handedness, avidSouthern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property)

� military hero from War of 1812;elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler

� decisive victory in the War of 1812 byHarrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison�s campaign for presidency

� December 1814, opposed War of 1812,called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secedeif their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern andwestern states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party

� Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention

� Monroe presidency, national unity behindMonroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, andtobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightenedcredit, affected West the most)

� provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine

� Maine as free state, Missouri asslave state, slavery prohibited north of 36�30�

� no further introduction of slaves intoMissouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25

� agreement between US and Britain toremove armed fleets from the Great Lakes

� remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined

� Europeans should not interfere with affairs inWestern Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs;supported Washington�s goal for US neutrality in Americas