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Separatist vs. non-Separatist Puritans
� Radical Calvinists againstthe Church of England; Separatists (Pilgrims) argued for a break from the Church of England, led the Mayflower, and establishedthe settlement at Plymouth
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Northwest Passage
� believed to provide shortcut from Atlantic toPacific, searched for by Giovanni de Verrazano for Francis I in therace to Asian wealth
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Conversion Experience
� required of members of the PuritanChurch; took the place of baptism required by the Catholic Church
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Social Reciprocity
� society naturally punishes criminalsindiscriminantly
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Church of England
� Protestant church led by the king of England,independent of Catholic Church; tended toward Catholicism duringreign of Catholic royalty
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Atlantic slave trade
� often debtors sold to slave traders by Africankings seeking riches; Columbian Exchange
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Jamestown
� first permanent English settlement in the Americas(1607), along James River
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John Smith
� introduced work ethic to Jamestown colony, sanitation,diplomat to local Native American tribes; had fought Spanish andTurks
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Pocahontas
� key to English-Native American relationship, died inEngland in 1617
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Mayflower Compact
� foundation for self-government laid out by the first Massachusetts settlers before arriving on land
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John Winthrop
� Calvinist, devised concept of �city on a hill�(�A Model of Christian Charity�); founded highly successful townsin Massachusetts Bay
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City on a Hill�
� exemplary Christian community, rich toshow charity, held to Calvinistic beliefs
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Indentured servants
� settlers to pay the expenses of aservant�s voyage and be granted land for each person they broughtover; headright system
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Maryland Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
� mandated thetoleration of all Christian denominations in Maryland, even thoughMaryland was founded for Catholics (but majority was protestant)
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James I, Charles I
� reluctant to give colonists their owngovernment, preferred to appoint royal governors
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William Penn and the Quakers
� settled in Pennsylvania, believed the �Inner Light� could speak through any person and ranreligious services without ministers
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Roger Williams
� challenged New Englanders to completelyseparate Church from State, as the State would corrupt the church
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Anne Hutchinson
� challenged New England Calvinistministers� authority, as they taught the good works for salvation of Catholicism
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The Half-Way Covenant
� New Englanders who did not wishto relate their conversion experiences could become half-way saintsso that their children would be able to have the opportunity to besaints
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Bacon�s Rebellion
- � rebels felt the governor of Virginia failedto protect the frontier from the Native Americans
- Independence (1763-1789)
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Navigation Acts
� only English and American ships allowed tocolonial ports; dissent began in 1763
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Mercantilism
� ensured trade with mother country, nationalism;too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted on by colonists
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Charles II, James II
� tried to rule as absolute monarchswithout using Parliament, little to no sympathy for coloniallegislature
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William and Mary
� ended the Dominion of New England,gave power back to colonies
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Dominion of New England
� combined Massachusetts, NewHampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one �supercolony� governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a �supergovernor�
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The Glorious Revolution
� William and Mary kicked James II outof England (exiled into France), allowed more power to thelegislatures
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James Oglethorpe
� established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors
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The Enlightenment
� emphasis on human reason, logic, andscience (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity
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Benjamin Franklin
� connected the colonies to Britain, opposed tounnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan
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The Great Awakening
� began by Edwards to return to Puritanism,increased overall religious involvement, gave women more activeroles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughoutthe country; mainly affected towns and cities
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Deists
� believed that God created the universe to act throughnatural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine
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George Whitefield
� powerful speaker, toured the country andinspired many into Christianity
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Jonathan Edwards
� Puritan minister, led revivals, stressedimmediate repentance
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New Lights vs. Old Lights
� New Lights brought new ideas,rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independentof each other
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Albany Plan of Union
� colonies proposed colonial confederationunder lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, �GrandCouncil�); never took effect
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French and Indian War
� French threat at the borders was nolonger present, therefore the colonies didn�t need English protection; more independent stand against Britain
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Proclamation of 1763
� prohibited settlements west of Appalachian, restriction on colonial growth
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Salutary Neglect
� Parliament took minor actions in the colonies,allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self-government, international trade agreements
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Writs of Assistance
� search warrants on shipping to reducesmuggling; challenged by James Otis
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Townshend Act (1767)
� similar to Navigatio; raised money to paycolonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries
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Sugar Act
� increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attemptedto harder enforce existing tariffs
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Stamp Act
� taxes on all legal documents to support British troops,not approved by colonists through their representatives
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Stamp Act Congress
� held in New York, agreed to not importBritish goods until Stamp Act was repealed
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Virginia Resolves
� �no taxation without representation,�introduced by Patrick Henry
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Currency Act
� prohibited colonies from issuing paper money,destabilized colonial economy
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Virtual Representation
� all English subjects are represented inParliament, including those not allowed to vote
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The Loyal Nine
� group of Bostonians in opposition to theStamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city
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Sons of Liberty
� organized and controlled resistance againstParliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength of martyrdom),advocated nonimportation
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Declaratory Act
� allowed Parliament to completely legislateover the colonies, limited colonists� say
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Boston Massacre
� British soldiers shot into crowd of snowballfight; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter
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Committees of Correspondence
� committees appointed fromdifferent colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies
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Tea Act (1773)
� intended to save British East India Companyfrom bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather thanthrough wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea)
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Boston Tea Party
� peaceful destruction of British tea inBoston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians
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Quebec Acts
� former French subjects in Canada allowed tokeep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participatein the Church of England
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Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
� in reaction to the BostonTea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusettscharter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authoritywould be tried in England or another colony
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Suffolk Resolves
� organize militia, end trade with Britain,refuse to pay taxes to Britain
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Olive Branch Petition
� politely demanded from the king acease-fire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of Americanrights
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Thomas Paine,
- Common Sense
- � stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasize a need for revolution;appealed to American emotions
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George Washington
� American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down WhiskeyRebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidentialcabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial stylerule
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Whigs (Patriots)
� most numerous in New England, fought for independence
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Tories (Loyalists)
� fought for return to colonial rule, usuallyconservative (educated and wealthy)
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British strengths and weaknesses
� British citizenshipoutnumbered colonies�, large navy and professional army; exhaustedresources (Hessians hired), national debt
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Colonial strengths and weaknesses
� fair amount of troops, shortguerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); nonprofessionalarmy that could not handle long battles
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Battle of Saratoga
� American general Horatio Gates wasvictorious over British general Burgoyne
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Valley Forge
� scarce supplies (food and clothing), armymotivated by von Steuben
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Battle of Yorktown
� last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis,led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies
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Treaty of Paris (1783)
� full American independence, territorywest of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensatedfor seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland
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68.
- Connecticut Compromise
- � advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently-voting senators per state andrepresentation in the House based on population
- �
- Virginia Plan
- � bicameral congressional representation based on population
- �
- New Jersey Plan
- � equal representation in unicameral congress
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Commerce Compromise
� congress could tax imports but notexports
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Federalism
� strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution
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Changes in the Constitution from the Articles
� stronger union of states, equal and population-based representation, simplemajority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign andinterstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes,federal courts, easier amendment process
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Articles� achievement �
system for orderly settlement of West
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Elastic Clause (�necessary and proper�)
� gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution
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Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
� Anti-Federalists wantedstates� rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, reference to religion,more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wantedstrong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protectindividual rights
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The Federalist Papers
- � written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay,and Madison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extendedover large territory
- Post-Independence and Critical Period (1789-1800)
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Judiciary Act of 1789
� established federal district courts thatfollowed local procedures, Supreme Court had final jurisdiction;compromise between nationalists and advocates for states� rights
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Bill of Rights
� protected rights of individual from the power of the central government
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Bank of the United States
� Hamilton�s plan to solveRevolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution
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Report on Public Credit
� proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of statedebts, set up the first National Bank
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Report on Manufactures (tariffs)
� Hamilton praised efficientfactories with few managers over many workers, promoteemigration, employment opportunities, applications of technology
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Strict vs. Loose interpretation of the Constitution
� looseinterpretation allowed for implied powers of Congress (such as the National Bank), strict interpretation implied few powers to Congress
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Whiskey Rebellion
� Western Pennsylvanian farmers� violent protest against whiskey excise tax, Washington sent large army to put down revolt, protests to be limited to non-violent
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Citizen Genet
� Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation by creating his American Foreign Legion in thesouth, which was directed to attack Spanish garrisons in NewOrleans and St. Augustine
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Impressment
� British Navy would take American sailors andforce them to work for Britain
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Jay�s Treaty
� provided for evacuation of English troops from posts in the Great Lakes
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Nullification
� states could refuse to enforce the federal lawsthey deemed unconstitutional
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Federalists and Republicans
� the two political parties thatformed following Washington�s presidency; Federalists for stronger central government, Republicans for stronger state governments
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Washington�s Farewell Address
� warned against permanentforeign alliances and political parties, called for unity of the country,established precedent of two-term presidency
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Neutrality Proclamation of 1793
- � response to French attemptsfor alliance with US
- American society during the Revolution
- � British-occupiedcities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loanedmoney, African-Americans and Native Americans involved
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Articles of Confederation
� states joined for foreign affairs,Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes
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Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786)
� foundationfor First Amendment, offered free choice of religion, not influenced by state
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
� defined process for territoriesto become states (population reached 60,000), forbade slavery in thenew territories
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Alexander Hamilton
� pushed for Assumption (federalgovernment to assume state debts), pushed creation of the NationalBank (most controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution,leader of Federalist Party
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James Madison
� strong central government, separation of powers, �extended republic�
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Shays�s Rebellion
� mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy,forced people to think about central government
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XYZ Affair
� French foreign minister (Talleyrand) demanded bribe in order to meet with American peace commission, madeAdams unpopular among the people
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Alien and Sedition Acts
� meant to keep governmentunquestioned by critics, particularly of the Federalists
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
� argued that states hadthe right to determine whether or not the laws passed by Congresswere constitutional
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12thAmendment
� required separate and distinct ballots for presidential and vice presidential candidates Citizen Genet � Edmond Genet contributed to polarization of the new nation bycreating his American Foreign Legion in the south, which wasdirected to attack Spanish garrisons in New Orleans and St.Augustine
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Second Great Awakening
- � emphasis on personal salvation,emotional response, and individual faith; women and blacks;nationalism (Manifest Destiny)
- Jefferson�s Administration and Growth of Nationalism (1800-1820)
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Election of 1800
� Adams, Jefferson, and Burr: Adams lost,Jefferson and Burr tied, Hamilton convinced other Federalists tovote for Jefferson to break the tie
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Barbary Pirates
� North African Muslim rulers solved budget problems through piracy and tributes in Mediterranean, obtainedfees from most European powers
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Midnight judges
� judges appointed to Supreme Court byAdams in the last days of his presidency to force them uponJefferson, Marshall among those appointed
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Marbury v. Madison
� John Marshall declared that the SupremeCourt could declare federal laws unconstitutional
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Lewis and Clark expedition
� Meriwether Lewis and WilliamClark sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory on�Voyage of Discovery�
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Non-Intercourse Act
� sought to encourage domestic Americanmanufacturing
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Macon�s Bill No. 2
� president has power to cease trade withany foreign country that violated American neutrality
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Embargo Act (1807)
� prohibited exports (and imports) basedin American ports, most controversial Jefferson legislation
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War hawks
� Clay and Calhoun, eager for war with Britain(War of 1812)
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Henry Clay and the American System
� Henry Clayaimed to make the US economically independent from Europe (e.g.,support internal improvements, tariff protection, and new national bank)
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John C. Calhoun
� opposed Polk�s high-handedness, avidSouthern slave-owner (right to own property, slaves as property)
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William Henry Harrison
� military hero from War of 1812;elected president 1840, died of pneumonia a month later, gave presidency to Tyler
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Battle of Tippecanoe
� decisive victory in the War of 1812 byHarrison over Tecumseh, used in Harrison�s campaign for presidency
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Hartford Convention
� December 1814, opposed War of 1812,called for one-term presidency, northern states threatened to secedeif their views were left unconsidered next to those of southern andwestern states, supported nullification, end of Federalist Party
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Essex case
� Federalist cause leading up to Hartford Convention
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Era of Good Feelings
� Monroe presidency, national unity behindMonroe, post-war boom (foreign demand for cotton, grain, andtobacco), Depression of 1819 (cheap British imports, tightenedcredit, affected West the most)
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James Monroe
� provided country with a break from partisan politics, Missouri Compromise, issued Monroe Doctrine
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Missouri Compromise (1820)
� Maine as free state, Missouri asslave state, slavery prohibited north of 36�30�
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Tallmadge Amendment
� no further introduction of slaves intoMissouri, all children born to slaves to become free at 25
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Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
� agreement between US and Britain toremove armed fleets from the Great Lakes
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Adams-Onis Treaty
� remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined
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Monroe Doctrine
� Europeans should not interfere with affairs inWestern Hemisphere, Americans to stay out of foreign affairs;supported Washington�s goal for US neutrality in Americas
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