western civ final key terms

• - r. 1894-1917
• - Tsar during the Russo-Japanese war; Russians defeated
• - Revolution in January 1905
• - Introduces Manifesto on October 17, 1905
• - Abdicates in 1917 when the collapse of state happened because of WWI

• one split of the Marxist ideals in 1903
• majority party
• more orthodox
• had to modernize and industrialize Russia before it could be Communist, which could take decades or centuries
• modernization as well as revolution

• one split of the Marxist ideals in 1903
• minority party
• could skip a step as long as they have an elite revolutionary leadership
• Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) wrote "What is to be Done?" in 1902

• 1870-1924
• Bolshevik
• Wrote "What is to be Done?" in 1902
• “All Power to the Soviets”
• “Peace, bread, and Land” – appeals to all the
• major demographics: soldiers, city citizens, peasants

• provoked by the defeat against the Japanese
• "Bloody Sunday" on January 9, 1905 - Russian army fire on unarmed group of protestors; makes the situation worse; causes more people to protest
• Nicholas II's Manifesto on October 17, 1905

• Nicholas II abdicates and provisional government of Liberals takes over along with Petrograd Soviets under "Dual Power"
• Order No. 1 - Soviets
• issue order that tell soldiers that if they did not like the officers and commanders are using they can elect new officers; collapses warfront as millions of soldiers leave the battlefield and return home

• overthrew the Russian Provisional Government and gave the power to the local soviets dominated by Bolsheviks
• Provisional Government falls on October 24, 1917
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 1918

• 1918-1921
• "Red Army" vs. "White Russians"
• Red defeated the white

• 1897-1953, r. 1924-1953
• "Socialism in one country"
• Paranoid that people wanted him out of power, so he began to institute purges
• Gulags were like concentration camps
• 18m sent to gulags between 1929-38, 4.5 never returned
• Signed a pact with Hitler to invade Poland which essentially started WWII, although he alligned himself with the Allies

• eight years before the war began; significant to the war's beginning
• September 18, 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria and declared war on China

• October 1935, Mussolini invades Ethiopia
• Ethiopia is still an independent state
• Invades and seizes control
• League of Nations gives Mussolini a slap on the wrist

can be defined in terms of “extreme nationalism, hatred of ethnic minorities (scapegoats), ruthless repression of opposition, violent anti-communism, and authoritarian government”

• r. 1922-45
• Fascist ruler of Italy

• r. 1933-45
• Rearmament in 1935 - invested heavily in building a larger army despite what Treaty of Versailles says
• Remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1936 - sends army to a demilitarized zone on the border with France
• Sends help to Spanish Civil War 1936-9
• Anschluss in March 1938 reunified Austria and Germany
• Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1938-9 - policy of appeasement gave Czech to Germany
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in August 1939 - agrees not to fight with Stalin
• Invasion of Poland in Sept 1939 - sparks the war

• 1944
• Sets up international monetary fund and world bank
• Set up precautions to prevent a second Great Depression

• 1945
• Permanent seats on the Security Council went to US, Britain, France, Russia, and China

• ibn Saud established the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
• He and his sons have ruled down to the present
• Oil discovered in 1935 and provided immense wealth to the Saudi ruling class

Ataturk deposed the last Sultan and established the nation of Turkey with its capital at Ankara

Renamed his kingdom to "Iran" in 1935

• Muhammad Reza Pahlavi worked closely with Western powers
• Fell from power and new gov't threatened to nationalize oil
• Ayatollah seized power

Created a new monarchy and becomes king of Iraq