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What viral disease is caused by Paramyxovirus type 1 and causes clinical signs of respiratory, deformed egg production, conjunctivitis, and encephalitis?
Exotic Newcastle Disease
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How is Exotic Newcastle Disease diagnosed?
- Oropharyngeal swab with Real-time PCR
- Paired serology
- Virus isolation in chick embryo
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How is Exotic Newcastle Disease controlled in the US?
Eradication
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What viral disease is caused by Orthomyxovirus (type A) has hemagglutinin subtypes H5 and H7?
Avian Influenza
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What are some clinical signs associated with low path avian influenza?
- Depression, respiratory
- Respiratory exudates
- Diarrhea
- Decreased egg production
- Hyperemia
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What are some clinical signs associated with high path avian influenza?
- Sudden onset high mortality
- Depression
- +/- Nervous signs
- Respiratory exudates
- Reproductive tract regression
- Vasculitis
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How is Avian Influenza diagnosed?
- Pharyngreal/Cloacal swabs with Real-time PCR
- Serology
- Antigen capture ELISA
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What organization helps monitor backyard and live market poultry for avian influenza?
National Animal Laboratory Health Network
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How is Avian Influenza controlled?
- Monitoring by serology and real-time PCR
- Eradication
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What viral disease is caused by a coronavirus resulting in coughing, sneezing, rales, nasal and ocular discharge, decline in egg production and mortality from secondary E. coli infection?
Infectious Bronchitis
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What are some lesions associated with Infectious bronchitis?
- Catarrhal inflammation of upper respiratory
- Swollen kidneys and uroliths
- Misshapen eggs
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How is Infectious bronchitis diagnosed?
- Visus isolation in chick embryo
- RT-PCR
- Serum neutralization, ELISA
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How is Infectious bronchitis controlled?
- Modified live vaccines (serotype strains Mass, Conn, Ark....)
- Inactivated vaccines used on hens
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What viral disease is caused by a herpesvirus and has clinical signs of marked dyspnea, coughing, head extension, watery eyes, conjunctiva, bloody mucous and blood on face and feathers?
Infectious Laryngotracheitis
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How is Infectious laryngotracheitis diagnosed?
- Histopathology
- Virus Isolation
- PCR
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How is Infectious laryngotracheitis controlled?
- Two live attenuated virus vaccines
- Vectored/recombinant vaccines
- CEO (chick embryo origin) vaccine (reverts to virulence, no good)
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What are the etiological agents behind Pullorum Disease?
- Salmonella pullorum
- Salmonella gallinarum
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What plan was put into action to prevent and control Pullorum Disease?
National Poultry Improvement Plan
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What is the result of Pullorum disease in suscpetible chicks and poultry?
- Fatal enteritis
- Septicemia
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What human pathogen can cause an inapparent infection in hens and transmitted to humans through the egg yolk?
Salmonella enteritidis
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If a farm tests positive for Salmonella enteritidis, what must be done?
Submit 1000 eggs (3 times at 2-week intervals)
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What common GI organism in poultry is found in poultry dust at a concentration of 1 million organisms/gram?
E. coli
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In what type of birds is E. coli a problem?
Psittacines
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What is the etiological agent behind necrotic enteritis?
Clostridium perfringens type C
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What animals are generally infected with necrotic enteritis?
Chickens 2-8 weeks
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What feeds promote Clostridium perfringens type C overgrowth?
- Animal by products
- Wheat diets
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What lesions are associated with necrotic enteritis?
- Fibrinonecrotic enteritis
- Hepatic infarction
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How is necrotic enteritis diagnosed?
- Gross lesions
- Histopathology
- Isolation of C. perfringens is not diagnostic
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How can necrotic enteritis be prevented or controlled?
- Diet formulation
- Identify concurrent disease stress
- Antibiotics
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What is the etiological agent that causes Chronic Respiratory Disease in galliformes?
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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What is the etiological agent that causes synovitis and respiratory disease in chickens and turkeys?
Mycoplasma synoviae
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How is Mycoplasmosis diagnosed?
- Serology (Rapid plate agglt, ELISA, and HI)
- PCR
- Isolation
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What is the most common final pathogen in many species of poultry?
Escherichia coli
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What are some respiratory viruses that will cause increased host susceptibility to E. coli?
- Newcastle dz
- Infectious bronchitis
- Pneumovirus infection
- Avian influenza
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What are some factors that will cause increased host susceptibility to E. coli, other than respiratory viruses?
- Mycoplasma
- Bordetella
- Ammonia
- Respiratory cryptosporidium
- Bursal dz
- Chicken infectious anemia
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How can you prevent an E. coli infection?
- Identify stress or underlying condition
- Closed water systems
- E. coli vaccines
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What is the etiological agent that causes Infectious Coryza?
Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum
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What are some clinical signs associated with Infectious Coryza?
- Nasal discharge
- Facial edema
- Conjunctivitis
- Sinusitis
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How is Infectious Coryza diagnosed?
Culture or PCR
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What co-pathogen is likely with Infectious coryza?
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
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How is Infectious coryza prevented or controlled?
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What is the etiological agent that is the cause of Fowl Cholera?
Pasteurella multocida
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What species are affected by Fowl Cholera?
- Turkeys (all ages)
- Chickens (mature)
- Ducks and geese
- Quail
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What are some ways fowl cholera is prevented and controlled?
- Vaccination
- Vector control
- Water sanitation
- Biosecurity and sanitation
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What virus causes generalized T lymphocyte deficiency leading to immunosuppression in young chicks (thymus is the organ affected)?
Chicken Anemia Virus
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What virus causes generalized B lymphocyte deficiency leading to immunosuppression in young chickens (Bursa of Fabricus is the organ affected)?
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV)
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What type of virus causes chicken infectious anemia?
Chicken Anemia Virus (Girovirus)
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What type of virus causes Infectious Bursal Disease?
Infectious bursal disease virus (Birnavirus)
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How is chicken infectious anemia diagnosed?
- Virus isolation
- Viral DNA detection
- Serology
- Histopath
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How is chicken infectious anemia treated and controlled?
- No treatment
- Attenuated vaccine in water (14-18 weeks of age to breeders)
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What are some clinical signs associated with infectious bursal disease?
- Depressed growth
- Immunosuppression
- Anorexia
- Depression
- Diarrhea, dehydration
- Bursa acutely swollen
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How is infectious bursal disease diagnosed?
- Bursa atrophy
- Virus isolation
- RT-PCR
- Serology
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How is infectious bursal disease treated and diagnosed?
- No treatment
- Vaccinate breeders with live and killed vaccine
- Vaccinate chicks in ovo (day 18) and at 1 day of age
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What herpesvirus can cause an immunosuppression, peripheral neuritis, and lymphosarcoma in young chicks?
Marek's disease
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How is Marek's disease prevented?
Vaccination at first day of age or in ovo at 18 days
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What type of viruses cause avian leukosis, that can lead to lymphosarcoma in mature to aged chickens?
Retrovirus
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What clinical signs are associated with avian pox?
- Conjunctivitis
- Skin, eyelids, mouth and trachea lesions
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How is avian pox diagnosed?
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