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How is avian pox controlled?
- Mosquito control
- Vaccines (fowl, quail, canary) at 4-6 weeks of age
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What is the infectious agent that causes erysipelas in birds?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
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How should a beak be trimmed?
- Dremel on low power
- Create normal beak shape
- Mineral oil/vitamin E
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Where should a feather be clipped in a wing trim?
Shaft above the covert line
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What feathers should be clipped in a wing trim?
- Clip 7-9 primaries
- Leave most distal primary (10)
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What birds are recommended for the polyoma vaccine?
- Multiple bird households
- Breeding birds
- traveling birds
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How much blood can safely be taken from a bird?
1% of body weight
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What species of birds have the largest RBCs?
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What is unique about the avian thrombocyte?
Nucleated
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What is the most numerous inflammatory cell in most species and the most likely to smudge when making a blood smear?
Heterophil
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In what birds is it common to find eosinophils?
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In what species of birds is common to find lymphocytes >50%?
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What is the second most common inflammatory cell in the bird?
Lymphocyte
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What is the largest avian inflammatory cell?
Monocyte
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What enzymes are liver specific in the bird?
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When do you see a rise in bile acids in the bird?
80% loss of liver function
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What value is used to detect renal disease in birds?
Elevated uric acid levels
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In what type of birds is uric acid usually high after a meal?
Carnivorous birds
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What are some clinical signs of avian polyoma virus infection?
- Lethargy
- Delayed crop emptying
- Sudden death
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What birds are typically affected by Polyoma virus?
Budgerigars
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How is Polyoma diagnosed?
- Necropsy with histo INIB
- Crop/choanal swab for virus neutralization assay
- PCR
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What type of virus causes Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease?
Circovirus
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What are some clinical signs of psittacine beak and feather disease?
- Progressive feather loss
- Abnormal feather growth
- Necrosis/fracture of distal beak
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How is psittacine beak and feather disease diagnosed?
- Gross appearance
- PCR
- Biopsies of affected feathers (basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions)
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What type of virus causes Pacheco's Disease?
Herpesvirus
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What are some clinical signs associated with Pacheco's disease?
- Lethargy, depression, anorexia
- Bright yellow urates
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How is Pacheco's disease diagnosed?
PCR of swabs or tissues
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What drug can be used to treat Pacheco's disease?
Acyclovir
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What are some clinical signs associated with Chlamydiophila psittaci infection (zoonotic and reportable)?
- Upper respiratory tract infection
- depression, anorexia
- Hepatomegaly
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What opportunistic fungus infects immunosuppressed or young birds (hand fed) causing clinical signs of regurgitation and plaques in oral cavity?
Candida albicans
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What drugs should be used to treat a Candida albicans infection?
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What clinical signs are associated with a Malassezia sp. infection and how should it be treated?
- Dermatitis
- Treatment - Fluconazole and Chlorhexidine
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How do you diagnose an Apsergillus fumigatus infection?
- Titers
- Protein electrophoresis
- Radiographs (granulomas)
- Bronchoscopy
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What is etiological agent behind scaly leg disease?
Knemidokoptes pilae
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What are some blood sucking mites found in birds?
- Dermanyssus gallinae (hide in nests)
- Ornithonyssus sylviarum (entire lifecycle on host)
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How many compartments does a camelid stomach have?
3
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What is an expandable diverticulum on the ventral median soft palate of the male dromedary, which protrudes from the mouth when stimulated?
Palatine diverticula
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What type of foot does a camelid have?
2 digits and each foot has a nail (no hoof)
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What organism is the cause of entertoxemia in camelids?
Clostridium perfringens C & D
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What are some nutritional considerations for the NWC?
- Sensitive to copper in feed
- Vitamin E/Selenium deficient areas
- Vitamin D in deficient areas
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What is unique about the pig abdomen?
- Huge abdominal fat deposits
- Thin abdominal muscles
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What veins are good for blood draws in pigs?
Ear veins
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When giving an IM injection in a pig, how much extra should you add to compensate for leakage?
10% extra
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The laryngeal diverticulum of the pig, predisposes it to what?
Laryngospasm
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When is it best to do pig neutering?
8-12 weeks
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What must you do in a pig neutering to prevent herniation?
Close external inguinal canal
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What should you swab in a bird to get a bacterial sample of it's upper respiratory tract? GI tract?
- URT - choana
- GI tract - Cloaca
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What type of flora is common in psittacines?
Gram +
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Where should you place an interosseous catheter in a bird <500grams?
Proximal tibiotarsal
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Where should you place an interosseous catheter in a bird >500grams?
Distal ulna
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What type of needle should be used in an interosseous catheter?
Spinal needle w/ stylet
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How much blood is it safe to take from a bird?
1% of body weight
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A PCV of what constitutes a blood transfusion in a bird?
<20%
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Do birds have blood types?
No, but use the same species
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How should blood be administered in a blood transfusion to a bird?
2 mls/min bolus over 2-4 hours w/ a pediatric filter
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What flow rate should oxygen have in avian anesthetics?
>1 L/min
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What anesthetic gas should be used for induction in birds? Maintenance?
- Induction - 4-5%
- Maintenance - 2-3%
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