-
Predator prey interaction:
- killing and eating of one organism by another.
- stable- adaptations of prey and predator
- -milkweek poisons= monarch butterflies eat milkweed becomes poisonous
- vicerory butterflies mimics monarch so birds wont eat them
-
Prickly pear -
- introduced in australia
- had to introduce cactus moth to maintain growth
-
Often stable in nature:
- adaptations
- refuges for prey
- alternative prey species present
-
Ecosystem ecology: succession:
- process of change
- -progression of changes in a community from a colonization to final community (climax)
-
Primary succession / Secondary succession:
- no soil at beginning (slower)
- rock ---->soil lichen ---mosses --- small herbaceous plants---shrubs---trees
- soild at beginnning (faster)
- field----small herb plants---shrubs---forests
-
Changes in:
- types of organisms colonists--->climax species
- diversity increases
- relationships/interactions = increase complexity
-
main focus for ecosystem ecology:
- energy flow and chemicals
- food chain (4 trophic levels): carnivore-carnivore-herbivore-plants
- plants: producers
- herbivores: primary consumers
- carnivors: secondary consumers
-
omnivore:
plants and animals (humans)
-
Detritivore:
- eater of dead material - detritus
- a) decomposers-fungi,bacteria (organic into inorganic)
- b) detritivore: eat middle size (worms)
- c) scavengers: vulture, magpie -eat big to middle size
-
Food chain in reality:
- FOOD WEB
- "grazing food web"
-
Ecological pyramid:
- more energy on bottom
- food chain efficiency: % of energy availble on one level that is made into organisms on the next level up.
- 10% avg. value - only 10% of E goes to next level
- growth-cellular resp-fieces-death
- -limit to number of levels
-
PRODUCTIVITY:
- primary productivity: organic matter made from sun/area/time. "gross primary productivity"
- plants lose energy thru resp.
- GPP - RESP.=net prim. prod. (usable by animals)
- secondary prod.: amount of heterotroph produced/area/time
- variabilty depends on location on earth
-
Chemicals on earth:
- cycle on earth "biogeo chemical cycles"
- INSERT PIC FROM NOTES
-
phosphorus cycle:
Climate----down to plants---down to animals
-
Phosphours cycle concepts:
- 1) sun is extremely important- heats up earth-atmosphere
- -as you go up it gets cooler (at 100m you lose 10F/6C)
- 2) earths axis at an angle- tilted results in seasons
- 3) sunbeams - heat up earth max at equator - air then rises and circulates north to south 30 degrees
- rains at equator
- at 30 degrees north and south - desserts
- 4) rainfall
- 5) rain shadow effect
-
Biomes:
- group of communities on large scale - all over earth
- Tundra- areas beyond wehre trees grow
- arctic tundra- treeline assoc w/ lattitude
- alpine tundra - assoc. w altitude
- 20% of land surface is tundra
-
Timberline location: what causes timberline??
- 1) excessive light (nope)
- 2) CO2 partial pressure (nope)
- 3) Snow depth (nope)
- 4) wind *maybe
- 5) heat deficiency/ lack of warmth *maybe
- 6) "rippening" of twigs - not enought time/growing season too short *maybe
-
Tundra *colder/windy/soil frost vs Forest
- intensity of radiation:
- arctic low - alpine high -forest high
- quality of uv
- arctic low - alpine high - forest high
- photoperioed*sun stays up
- arctic - 84days -alpine 15hours -forest15hours
- temp (tundra colder thatn forest)
- soild -tundra colder than forest
- precipitaiton - tundra less than alpine and forest
- wind - more in tundra than forest
- soil frost in tundra not forest
- permafrost in arctic, some in alpine, none in forest
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