psychology

s used to explain the stability in a person’s
behavior over time and across situations (consistency in behavior) and the
behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation
(distinctiveness). Thus, refers to an individual’s unique set of consistent
behavioral traits.

refer to adjectives we used to describe a person's
consistent behavior in a variety of situation, such as work, parties, home,
etc., such as outgoing, shy, honest, aggressive, passive, kind, mean, etc

positive emotionality) - describes a person as sociable, upbeat,
friendly, assertive, and gregarious

negative emotionality) - a person who is anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and
vulnerable

, flexibility,
vivid fantasy, imaginativeness, artistic sensitivity, and unconventional
attitudes

- A person who is agreeable is sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, modest, and straightforward

diligent, disciplined, well organized, punctual,
and dependable…some models refer to this trait as constraint ... tend to be
successful in their career.

Sigmund Freud believed that the

His theory asserts that

Psychosexual
stages :

Fixation

the
Structure of personality

According to Freud, the Ego

. Freud theorized that people have 3 levels of
awareness

Together with the conflicts between the Id,
ego, superego and unconscious motives lead to conflict which eventually lead

In the psychoanalytic perspectives we also had
Carl Jung's analytical theory that

Alfred Adler's Individual psychology which describes an
individual's personality based

When the feelings
are excessive, an inferiority complex can result.

1. Personality

Bandura

. Walter Mischel is
also an advocate of social learning theory

Carl Rogers
viewed personality in terms of the

Abraham Maslow
proposed that human motives are organized into a hierarchy of needs

. Hans
Eysenck believes that personality can be characterized along just three
dimensions and that these are genetically determined in individuals

was first published
in 1952 by the American Psychiatric Association - the DSM. This classification scheme is now in its 4th
revision, which uses a multiaxial system for classifying mental disorders.

the study of the
distribution of mental or physical disorders in the population

Five Axis

Mood disorders

Learned helplessness

Somatoform disorder

rized by a significant loss of physical function(with no apparent organic basis), usually in a single organ system…loss ofvision, partial paralysis, mutism, etc

are a class of disorders in which people lose
contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in
disruptions in their sense of identity.

is a sudden loss of memory for important personal
information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting. Memory loss
may be for a single traumatic event or for an extended time period around the
event.

fugue is when
people lose their memory for their entire lives along with their sense of
personal identity…forget their name, family, where they live, etc., but still
know how to do math and drive a car.

There are 4 subtypes of schizophrenia

are a class of disorders marked by extreme,
inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social
and occupational functioning.

Avoidant – excessively sensitive to potential
rejection, humiliation or shame

excessively lacking in self-reliance and
self-esteem, Obsessive-compulsive – preoccupied with organization, rules,
schedules, lists, and trivial details.

Schizoid – defective in capacity for forming social
relationships, Schizotypal – social deficits and oddities in thinking,
perception, and communication, Paranoid – pervasive and unwarranted
suspiciousness and mistrust.

Histrionic – overly dramatic, tending to exaggerate
expressions of emotion

grandiosely self-important, lacking interpersonal
empathy, Borderline – unstable in self-image, mood, and interpersonal
relationships, Antisocial – chronically violating the rights of others,
non-accepting of social norms, inability to form attachments.

•
ADHD•
Asperger’s •
Autism

is not a diagnosis, it is a legal concept. Insanity is a legal status indicating that a
person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental
illness.

holds that insanity exists when a mental disorder
makes a person unable to distinguish right from wrong.

occurs when people are hospitalized in psychiatric
facilities against their will. Rules vary from state to state, but generally,
people are subject to involuntary commitment when they are a danger to
themselves or others or when they are in need of treatment (as in cases of
severe disorientation).

- Insight therapy involves pursuing increased
insight regarding the nature of the client’s difficulty and sorting through
possible solutions. - “talk therapy”

Behavior
therapy is based on the principles of learning, with behavior therapists
working to alter maladaptive habits and change overt behaviors - Changing overt behavior

Biomedical therapies involve interventions to alter
a person’s biological functioning - Biological
functioning interventions -

an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of
unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through a variety of techniques.

occurs when the clients unconsciously start
relating to their therapist in ways that mimic critical relationships in their
lives.

involve the application of learning principles to
direct efforts to change clients’ maladaptive behaviors.

based on the work of
B.F. Skinner, assuming that behavior is a product of learning,

developed a therapy called systematic desensitization to reduce phobic clients’ anxiety
responses through counterconditioning

is the most controversial of the behavior
therapies, where an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an
undesirable response

is a behavior therapy, designed to improve
interpersonal skills, that emphasizes modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and
shaping.

is an insight therapy that emphasizes recognizing
and changing negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.

The goal of these therapies is to change the way
clients think, detecting and recognizing negative thoughts, reality testing,
and devising behavioral “homework assignments” that focus on changing overt
behaviors.

are physiological interventions intended to reduce
symptoms associated with psychological disorders. They assume that these disorders are caused,
at least in part, by biological malfunctions.

Psychopharmacotherapy is the treatment of mental disorders with medication—drug therapy.

Drugs used to treat
psychological disorders fall into three major categories, antianxiety,
antipsychotic, and antidepressant

rugs relieve tension, apprehension, and
nervousness.

which have a different mechanism of action, such as
clozapine, have fewer motor side effects but are not risk free.

is a chemical used to control mood swings in
patients with bipolar mood disorders; it is very successful at preventing future
episodes of mania and depression, but it can be toxic and requires careful
monitoring.

is a biomedical treatment in which electric shock
is used to produce a cortical seizure accompanied by convulsions

also controversial.
While there is evidence to suggest that it is helpful in the treatment
of major depressive disorder, some researchers claim that it is in fact no
better than a placebo.

have raised
doubts about their applicability to other cultures and even ethnic groups in
Western society.

refers to the movement away from inpatient
treatment in mental hospitals to more community based treatment.

branch
of psychology concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings and
behaviors are influenced by others.

layers
of social relationships; parent child, co-workers-coworker, friends, etc

Because
of these norms and expected roles, we tend to conform or change our behavior because of real or perceived group
pressure

Obedience (form of compliance that occurs when
people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of
authority):

. as in the Nazi example A real experiment that was done at a
basement at Stanford University by Phillip Zimbardo on conformity and obedience
on why prisons tend to be violent and aggressive.

The
best way to prevent conformity is

Don't
judge a book by its cover" is a very popular saying because that's what
people do. Because of the pressure to
conform to norms, we expect people to be a certain way and appearances is one
way we expect and judge people

beliefs
that people have certain characteristics because of their memberships in a
particular group:

s
the tendency to put out less energy and effort into a group task and ignore
individual responsibility: In

efforts.

Unanimity - also
tends to make people do things or behave in certain ways that otherwise they
wouldn't do if they were identified

occurs
when members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of
critical thinking in arriving at a decision.