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In 1924 milutin milankovich did what?
Calculated the combined effects of the eccentric cycle the obliquity cycle and precession cycle
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what are the green hous gases
carbon dioxide, methane, cfcs, freons, nitrous oxide
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pleistocene
complex records of climate changes charachterized by cycles of rapid advancesand retreats of glaciers.
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biomes
major types of climate.
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ecotone
overlap between two biomes
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nekton
swimmers ex.. fish
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benthos
mud dwellers ex clams
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2 types of plankton
- the floaters
- zoo=animal
- phyto=plant
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longest day is
june 22nd or 23
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plane of eclyptic
66 1/2 degrees
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major volcanic eruption
1815 & 1816 year with no summer
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types of lime stone
karst, talus
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types of gradiation= breaking down earth
weathering = breaking it apart / erosion = carrying it away
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isostacy
less dence rises as it erodes pushed up by dencer rock. ex... the log rises when frog jumps off
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where does earth system recieve most of its energy
Radiation
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seasons are caused by
earths angle of inclination and position in orbit
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the point when earth and sun are furthest apart
aphelion ex ... afar
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land of the midnight sun
north of arctic circle and south of antarctic circle
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the northern hemisphere is closest to sun in what month
january
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earths velocity of rotation is maximum at
the equator
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form of energy connected to water is
kinetic
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the direction of land and sea breezes
from land by night
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for every 1000 feet how much does the temp change?
degrees
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catastrophism
a period of creation/destruction followed by stability
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unformitarianism
an ongoing process of slow change
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tectonic
roughen the earths surface/ build it up
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crust
part up lithosphere floats on asthensphere
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3 types of rock
IGNEOUS sedimentary metamorphic
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how old is earth
4.5 billion years old
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plutons
any rock formed by magma underground
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types of tectonic process
warping=up and down movements/vertical , folding=sharper bending of the earths crust/horizontal, faulting=breaking of earths crust/horizontal britle
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strike :orientation of roCK
intersection of the horizontal plane with the beddin g plane or surface
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dip:orientation of rock
direction and angle of maximum slope of plane or surface
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p waves\ primary waves
fast waves
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s waves/ secondary
slow big waves cause damage/ dont go through liquid
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love waves
side ways Swaves cause lots of damage
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earthquaks
occur when a faul slips
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exfoliation.
taking layers off of rocks
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weathering has two major types give examples
physical/frost wedging"ice" ,tree wedging
CHemical/oxidation" rust" ,solution
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what does fluvial and eolian mean
- fluvial= water gradationnal processs
- eolian= wind process
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alluvial fan
fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads
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bajada
debris spread along the lower slopes of mountains by descending streams
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deflation/erosional
lifting of loose sediments ex.... dust storms
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abrasion / erosional
natural sanding
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sand dunes are stable when
they have vegatation
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glacier qualities
more snow falls then melts,balance with precipitation and temperature
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closest star
4.3 light years away/ alpha centuri
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closest galaxy
2,900,00 light years away
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what is spectral shift
VELOCITY OUTWARD FROM a single point in every direction
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wut is the safranov theory/ nebular
evwery thing started as dust and gas and began to smash into each other and grow
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when and what is perihelion
closest to sun and january 3rd
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axis of earth is tilted how much
23 1/2 degrees from perpendicular to ecliptic
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weres arctic circle
66 1/2 Degrees north
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fall equinox
september 23
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winter solstice
december 22
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negative feedback ex
if something stops a process ex sun does not reflect as well off regual earth
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positice feedback
helps continue a system process sun is reflected off ice therefore ice stays cold
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albedo
how well a surface reflects
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coriolis effect
deflective force that makes wind deflect in relation to earths rotation. ex ... sniper mode aim to the right and it will cure to the headshot
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isobar
line on weather map to connect equal points of pressure
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cyclones, hurricanes, typhoons spin directions
spin in a clockwise direction in the southern hemsiphere and anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere
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what degree are arid/ dessert areas
between 20-35 degrees
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anemometer
MEASURES WINDS
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prevailing westerlies
winds from subtropic to higher latitudes .20-35 degrees
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trade winds
winds returning from the northeast in northern hemisphere and from the southeasr in southern hemisphere
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how many calories to to melt ice
80 calories
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how many calories to boiling
100 cal
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relative humidity
the amount of water in the air in ratio to how much that air can actually hold
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relative humitidy formula
current vapor in air / maximum possible for that temp X 100
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cloud types
- low clouds = stratus,
- middle clouds= altostratus
- highclouds=cirrus,wispy
- rain clouds= cumulonimbus/
- good weather = cumulus/ puffy animal clouds
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chinook winds
warm downslope wind on leeward sides of mountains
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evapotransperation
the combination of transperation and evaporation
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tropical climate
equator and tropical latitudes/ rainforest/ have savanna and monsoons/ very rainy/
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mesothermal climate
midlatitudes/mild winters/hot summers/
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microthermal climate
mid- high latitudes/ cold winters/hot-warm summers/
subarctic areas=cool summers very cold winters
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polar climate
hig latitudes and polar regions/tundras/ice caps-sheets/frozen ground/ polar marine
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earths layers
inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle ,asthenosphere, crust
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what produces earths magnetic field
the outer core
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igneous rock
one that solidifies and crystalizes from a molten state
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sedimentary rock
co,bined fragments of other rocks
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strike slip fault
horizontal movement along a fault plane
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normal fault
wen forces pull rocks apart
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scientific method process
a question,observation,hypothesis,experiment, theory
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in a anticyclone the winds ____at the surface and ____ in the upper atmosphere.
Diverge , converge
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hadley cell
description of atmospheric circulation
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trades come from
subtropical highs
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at latitude of 80 degress prevailing winds would come from wut direction
easterly
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gyre motions are usually
clockwise in northern hemisphere and counter clockewise in southern
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rain shadow is associated with what type of precipattion
orographic
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squal lines form ahead of
cold fronts
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tornado alley
kansas and oklahoma
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tornados often trail whaty
supercells because low pressure conditions
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tornados in the early part of the season will be were
southern part of the us
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koppen system climates
arid , highland, microthermal,mesothermal, tropical,polar
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tundra vegatation
mossess lichen, short grasses
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climate type where precipatation is less then 1/2 potenttial evapo
desert
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fossil fuels makee up what amopunt of energy
78%
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wood and dun make up what energy use
10%
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avalanch danger is greatest at
35-45 degree
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one degrree of latitude
69 miles
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person travellin west of internatial date line would
turn the calender ahead one day
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because of the coriolous effect winds defleect what directiona
right in northern hemisphere and left in southern hemisphere
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mercator project
has straight rhumb lines and is not true to size
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