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Hindsight Bias
- I knew it all along phenomenon
- after learning the outsome of an event, many people believe they could have predicted that very outcome
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the scientific attitude
- curiosity
- skepticism
- humility
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critial thinking
examine assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions
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theory
- an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events
- low self esteem contributes to depression
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hypothesis
testable prediction often promoted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or revise the theory
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research observations
require us to administer test of some sort
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Case Study
a technique in which one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles
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survey
technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a represenative, random sample of people
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random sampling
if each emmeber of a population has an equal chance of inclusion into a sample, they it is random sampling
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correlation
when one trait or behavior axxompanies another, we say the two correlate
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Exploring Cause and Effect
- many factors influence our behavior
- Experiments manipulate factors that intrest us, while other factors are kept under control
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double blind procedure
in evaluating drug therapies, patients and experimenters assistants shoudl remain unaware of which patients had the real treatment and which patients had the placebo treatment
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random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by random assignment minimizes pre-existing differences between the two groups
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independent variable
- a factor manipulated by the experimenter
- effect of independent variable is thefocus of the study
- for example, when examing the effects of breast feeding upon intellegence, breast feeding is the independent variable
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dependent variable
- factor that change in response to an independent variable
- it is usually a behavior or mental process
- in our study of breast feeding upon intellegence, intellegence is the dependent variable
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Random Sampling VS Random Assignment
- Random Sampling enables us to generalize from the sample to the population
- random assignment controls for extraneous factors between groups, creating equal groups, helping us to infer cause and effect
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