BIOL40C Ch.25 Metabolism

all chemical reactions in the body

breakdown;

exergonic (produce more energy than used)

• buildup;
• endergonic (use more energy than produced)

removal of electrons from an atom/molecule

addition of electrons to a molecule

90mg/100mL

oxidation of glucose to produce 36-28 ATP molecules

GI tract/kidney tubules: Na+/glu transporter

other tissues: GluTs (special glucose transporters)

term for oxidation of glucose to produce ATP

• 1) glycolysis
• 2) formation of acetyl CoA
• 3) Kreb's cycle
• 4) electron transport chain

• ATP: 36-38 molecules
• water: 6 molecules
• CO2: 6 molecules

• - production of glycogen in the liver, skeletal muscles
• - stimulated by insulin
• - form of glucose storage

• 1) glycogenesis
• 2) conversion to glycerol & FAs in liver, followed by lipid production by adipocytes

• 1) glycogenolysis
• 2) glugoneogenesis

formation of glucose from proteins and fats

• 1) outer core of proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol
• 2) inner core of triglycerides

proteins in outer core of lipoproteins

• 1) chylomicrons
• 2) VLDL
• 3) LDL
• 4) HDL

• - formed in hepatocytes from lipids formed in body
• - converted to LDL

• -carry ~75% of total cholesterol in blood
• - deliver cholesterol to cells for synthesis of steroid hormones/bile salts/insertion into membrane

- remove excess cholesterol from body/ prevent cholesterol accumulation

• 1) some from food
• 2) most synthesized by hepatocytes

<200mg/dL

<130mg/dL

>40mg/dL