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What is a zymogen?
An inactive enzyme precursor.
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Name the irreversible enzyme that we learned about in class, and name the zymogen that regulates it.
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Name the enzyme that activates Trypsin
Enteropeptidase
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What condition occurs when enzymes are activated prematurely?
Pancreatitis
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What do Kinases do?
Enzymes that phosphorylate various substrates.
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What do phosphatases do?
Remove phospate from substrate
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Name one enzyme that is only active via lose of phosphate.
Pyruvate DH
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Which AA can have Phosphates attached to them?
Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine.
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What is "The Proximity Effect"?
Substrates kept close to eachother have higher rates than substrates not kept in proximity. Help explain how enzymes work.
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What state are enzymes complementary to?
Transition
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What is Koshland's induced fit model?
Enzymes change shape once bound to substrate.
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What are Aspartate & Glutamates functions in catalytic reactions?
Proton Transfer & Cation Binding.
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What are Cysteine and Serines funcitons in catalytic reactions?
Covalent binding of Acyl groups.
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What is histidines role in catalytic binding?
Proton transfer
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What is tyrosines role in catalytic reactions?
Hydrogen bonding to ligands
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What are lysines and aginines roles in catalytic reactions?
- Lysine (Proton Transfer & Anion Binding)
- Arginine (Anion Binding)
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What is a bronsted acid?
Proton Donor (Loses H)
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What is a Bronsted Base?
Proton Acceptor (gains H)
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What is covalent catalysis?
- Enzyme is covalently attached to substrate.
- Enzyme transfers substrate to second substrate.
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What are the best competitive inhibitors of enzymatic reactions?
Transition State Analogs
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Which AA's in triosephosphate isomerase are primarly used?
Histidine and Glutamate.
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What are the two types of Coenzymes?
Cosubstrates & Prostethic Groups
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Two types of essential ions
Metal Ions. Activator Ions.
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How do cosubstrates work?
Bind to active site, diffuse away, and are then regenerated by a second enzyme.
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Name some common cosubstrates
NAD, NADP, ATP, Coenzyme A
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What is the role of metal ions in enzymes?
Lewis Acid
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What are vitamins?
Organic Micronutrients
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What are the functions of vitamins?
Hormones, antioxidents, Cell signalling, precursors of coenzymes/cofactors.
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Which enzymes are derivized from Niacin?
- NAD & NADP
- Nicitanimide Adenine Dinucleotide (Phosphate)
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What are the roles of NAD & NADH?
Oxidation & Reduction reactions involving two electron transfers.
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What enzyme gives us FMN and FAD?
Riboflavin
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What are FMN and FAD?
Flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide.
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What enzymes are derivitized from Riboflavin?
Flavin mononucleotide and flavine adenine dinucleotide.
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What is Pantothenate?
Vitamin used to derivitize CoA (Coenzyme A)
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What vitamin is used to produce CoA?
Pantothenate
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