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katie_moni
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the negatively charged particle of an atom
farther
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x-ray with shorter wavelengths penetrate__ than rays with longer wavelengths
farther
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electons travel__
toward the anode in an xray tube
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in x-ray tubes, the majority of energy produced by the movement of elevtrons is in the form of__
heat
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on the electromagnetic spectru, in relation to visible light, x-rays__
have a shorter wavelength
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What are two names for bdles of energy that ravel in a wave?
photons, quanta
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Filamnents located in an x-ray tube emit__ when heated
electrons
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the anode's target is composed of__
tungsten
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The anode's target reaches temeratures in excess of __ during x-ray production
1000 degrees C
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the anode's targer usually has a __ base
copper
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Which kind of anode is unable to withstand large amounts of heat?
stationary anode
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Veterinary patients have a tendency to move while being positioned for radiographs to be taken. The radiographer should help to safely prevent artifacts of movement by__
using the shortest exposure time possible
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x-ray tube ratings are based on target angle, focal spot size, elevtrical current (single- or three--phase operation) and:
anode speed
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Which of the following is a type of somatic damage caused by radiation? a. gene mutation b. cataracts c. sterility d. none of the above
cataracts
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__ damage is not detectable until future generations are produced
genetic
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What is the upper limit of exposure that an occupationally exposed individual may receive according to state and federal regulations?
0.05 Sv/year
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A type of dosimeter designed to monitor that actual amount of radiation received
Film badge
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What type of dosimeter can be stored for years, maintaints its information, and can be reused?
Theromluminescent dosimeter
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What does scatter depend on?
the intesnsity of the beam, the compostion of the structure being radiographed and kilovoltage level
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The most conclusive method used to inspect lead-lined gloves and aprons for crack and defects is__
Taking a radiograph of it
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What is the thickness of the lead-impregnated rubber lining protective appareal in veterinary radiography?
0.5mm
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How might you increase penetrating power of the x-rays?
increaseing kVp
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The milliamperage-seconds (mAs) for 1000mA and 1/10 sec is:
100 mAs
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According to Santes' rule, is a cat's abdomen measures 12 cm, kVp is:
64
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The source-image distance most commonly ranges from__ in veterinary practices
36-40cm
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one percent of the energy produced at the anode is in the form of__
x-rays
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The temperature of the filament within the cathode is controlled by:
mA setting
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An xray's intensity __ as SID decreases
increases
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the potential difference between the anode and cathode is measured in:
kilovolts
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a higher kVp setting allows for a __ mAs and __ exposure time
lower; lower
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What does thicker body parts do to the radiographic density?
increases it
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High subject contrast __ radiographic contrast
increases
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The primary exposure factor that controls scatter radiation
kVp
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What do grids contain that contols scatter radiation?
lead
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Where is a grid located?
between the patient and the cassette
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To prevent magnification and distrotion of the object being radiographed, the patient must:
be as parallel and as close to the film as possible
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if a god is being radiographed for hip dysplasia, what phenomenon will occur if the femurs are not parallel to the film?
foreshortening
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The walls of the darkroom should be white or cream colored because:
more reflection of the safelight is produced, providing a more visible working environment
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Which of the following is true regarding safelights? a. they should be 20 watts or less b. they must be at least 4 feet from the work area c. the brown filter is for blue-light-sensitive film d. film can be exposed to safelights indefinitely with no ill effects to the film
b. they must be at least 4 feet from the work area
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What is the ideal pH at which to develop radiographs?
9.8 to 11
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Unexposed silver halide crystals remaining on films are removed at this stage:
fixing
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Advantages of automated film processing include: a. consistent quality of processed radiographs b. dry radiographs are produced in a short time c. a much smaller space is necessary d. all of the above
d. all of the above
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These two by products of development contain silver that cannot be disposed of in a septic systems:
radiographs and fix solution
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Which of the following is no required on the label ID of a radiograph? a. initials of radiographer b. date taken c. patient name and owner name d. name and address of hospital
a. initals of radiographer
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All of the following are legally valid methods of labeling a radiograph except: a. lead-impregnated tape b. lead marker c. premanent marker after development d. photoimprinting label system
c. permanent marker after development
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The conversion of x-ray into visible light occurs via:
intensifying screens
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To absorb backscatter, the back of most cassettes are lined with:
lead
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Intensifying screens allow:
a lower mAs to be used
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The main advantage of today's rare-earth-coated intensifying screens is:
they have a higher x-ray-to-light conversion efficency
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Which of the following statements is true? a. screen film is more sensitive to ionizing radiation b. nonscreen film produces poorer detail c. nonscreen film is highly sensitive to fluroescent light emitted from intensifying screens d. nonscreen film requires greater exposure
nonscreen film requires great exposure
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True/False: both the fluroscopic image and x-ray image viewed on a view box are considered positive images because they intensity of light emitted by each part of the screen is proportional to the amount of x-rays striking that part of the screen
false
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a processing film that has been exposed to ionizing radiation or visible light will appear:
black
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Which of the following are appropriate storage conditions for radiographic films?
10 to 15 C 40% to 60% humidity, vertical
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Which of the following film-screen systems is most commonly used in veterinary medicine?
Medium speed system
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true/false: the radiographer must recover silver in the veterinary clinic
false
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the most effective types of darkroom doors include: a. doors that do not lock b. revolving door system. c. double door system d. both b and c
both b and c
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The degree of blackness on the radiograph is:
density
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Density is determined primarily by:
mAs
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Radiographic contrast is determinded primarily by:
kVp
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If a radiograph includes many shades of gray, which of the following is also true regarding the image?
low contrast, high kVp
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When viewing a radiograph of a laterally positioned animal: a. the head should be at the top of the view box b. the head should face the viewer's left with spine at the top c. the head should face the viewer's right with the spine at the top
b. the head should face the viewer's left with the spine at the top
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an overexposed film appears __; to correct this, __
too dark; decrease mAs or kVp
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What action should be taken if it is difficult to see anatomic silhouettes on an abdominal film and the film is too light? why?
increase kVp by 10% to 15%; shorten wavelength, increase penetrating power
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You have determinded that penetration in adequate for a particular abdominal film. All abdominal structures are well outlined. However, the film has an overall appearance of being too light. What should you do next?
increase mAs by 30% to 50%
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A thoracic film is too dark the bone tissue is relatively white. What is the next step?
decrease mAs by 50%
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How does kVp affect scatter radiation?
as kVp increases, scatter radiation can increase
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Any body part exceeding this measurement requires the use of a grid to reduce for-producing scatter radiation
10 cm
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when taking a test radiograph, the following requirements should be met:
medium-speed film, 50lb dog in a lateral position
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According to the author, when developing a varible kVp technique chart, kilovoltage should be increased or decrease by increments of __ for each centimeter measurement
2
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Which of the following conditions may require decreasing the mAs to account for increased radiographic density? a. neonatal animals b. ascites c. pleural effusion d. plaster casts
neonatal animals
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If a radiograph is too light after taking a view of the later abdomen what change may be recommended?
increase mAs 30% to 50%
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Compared with the abdomen, how much mAs does a quality view of the pelvis require?
30% to 50% more
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A grid with a ratio of 12:1 will be used with the machine at your clinic. How does this affet the generation of your variable kVp chart?
need to add 10 to 15 to the sum of Santes' rule
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