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Confederation
Constit. arrangement in which sovereign states create a central gov't but limit its powers and don't give it direct authority over ppl.
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Interest Group
Org. of ppl sharing a common interest or goal that seek to inflluence the making of public policy
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Impeachment
charges against a pres. approved by a maj. of house of reps
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federalism
gov't authority shared by national and st. gov't
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exclusionary rule
improperly gather evidence may not be intorduced in a trial
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electoral college
ppl chose 2 cast ea. states vote in a pres. election. Each state can cast 1 vote for ea. senator and rep. it has.
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dissenting opinion
signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view.
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deficit
what occurs when the gov't in 1 year spends more $ than it takes in from taxes.
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civil rights
rights of the ppl 2 be treated w/out unreasonable or unconstit. differences.
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bureaucracy
lg. complex org. composed of appointed officials.
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bill of rights
1st 10 amendments to the constit.
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bill
proposed law presented 2 a legislative body for consideration.
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ballot
device boteres use 2 register a choice in an election
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anarchy
absense of all gov't
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alien
foreign born citizen or non-citizen
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amendment
a change or addition 2 a constit. or law
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checks & balances
system of overlapping the pwrs of the legis, exec, and jud. branch 2 permit each branch 2 check the actions of others
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affirmative action
policy that requires most employers take positive steps 2 remedy the effects of past discrimination
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cabinet
pres. advisory body. traditionally made up of the heads of the exec. dept. & other officials
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implied powers
pwrs that are assumed from the expressed powers.
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full faith and credit
Clause in the Constitution (Article 4, Section 1) requiring each state to recognize the civil judgments rendered by the courts of the other states and to accept their public records and acts as valid.
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expressed powers
Powers the Constitution specifically grants to one of the branches of the national government.
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popular soverignty
A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.
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monoply
Domination of an industry by a single company that fixes prices and discourages competition; also, the company that dominates the industry by these means.
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suffrage
the right to vote
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minor party
Domination of an industry by a single company that fixes prices and discourages competition; also, the company that dominates the industry by these means.
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mass media
means of communication that are reaching the public, including newspapers and magazines, radio, television (broadcast, cable, and satellite), films, recordings, books, and electronic communication.
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constituents
The residents of a congressional district or state.
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president pro tempore
Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president.
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treaty
formal, public agreement between the United States and one or more nations that must be approved by two thirds of the Senate.
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veto
formal decision to reject a bill
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civil law
A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.
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criminal law
A law that defines crimes against the public order.
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defendant
In a criminal action, the person or party accused of an offense.
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precedent
decision made by a higher court such as a circuit court of appeals or the Supreme Court that is binding on all other federal courts.
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due process
Established rules and regulations that restrain government officials.
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jim crow laws
State laws formerly pervasive throughout the South requiring public facilities and accommodations to be segregated by race; ruled unconstitutional.
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sales tax
General tax on sales transactions, sometimes exempting food and drugs.
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judicial review
power of courts 2 declare laws unconstit.
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necessary and proper clausee
allows cong. 2 pass laws not enumerated in constit.
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police power
state power 2 enact laws promoting health, well being
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political efficacy
belief that u can take part in gov't, they will listen
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probable cause
reasonable cause 4 search warrant or arrest
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public opinion
how ppl think or fell about certain things
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quorum
minimum # of mem that must be present in cong. 2 conduct business
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representative democracy
leaders make decisions by winning election
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reserved powers
powers given 2 state gov't only
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search warrant
judge order 2 search
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chief exec.
pres. of the u.s.
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citizen
a legally recognized person
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commander in chief
A head of state or officer in supreme command of a country's armed forces.
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compromise
An agreement or a settlement of a dispute that is reached by each side making concessions.
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consensus
general agreement
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constitution
A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
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county
A territorial division of some countries, forming the chief unit of local administration.
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deportation
the act of removing/exiling a person
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dictatorship
gov't ruled by one person who controls everything
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direct tax
A tax, such as income tax, that is levied on the income or profits of the person who pays it, rather than on goods or services.
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foreign aid
$ or resources given from another country
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framers
writers of the constit.
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government
a body of people who set and administer public policy
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income tax
tax taken from a persons pay check
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independent
person not affliated with a political party
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judicial branch
responsible for administration of justice
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jurisdiction
The official power to make legal decisions and judgments.
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legislative branch
law making body
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limited gov't
gov't where interference with peoples lives is limited
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magna carta
) 'Magna Carta' is document accepted by King John of England on June 15, 1215 which contains a series of laws establishing the rights of English barons and major landowners thereby limiting the authority of the King
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major party
holds substansal influence in politics
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media
means of communication
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metropolitan area
densly populated urban core. businesses
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monarchy
king, queen. rules whole life chosen by heredity
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multiparty system
system where two parties have chance to gain control of the gov't
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nomination
being chosen, appointed
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one party system
only one political party forms the gov't
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payroll tax
a tax levied against the amount of wages and salaries paid workers.
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plaintiff
person who brings a case against another
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platform
list of objectives a new gov't wants to complete while in office
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polling place
building where voting takes place.
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pres. of the senate
vice president of the u.s.
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progressive tax
any tax in which the rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases.
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propaganda
Information, esp. of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.
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property tax
a capital tax on property imposed by municipalities; based on the estimated value of the property.
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ratification
making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it
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reapportionment
reallotment: a new apportionment (especially a new apportionment of congressional seats in the United States on the basis of census
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redress of grievances
the right to make a complaint to, or seek the assistance of, one's gov't
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regressive tax
imposed in such a manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases
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rule of law
a state of order in which events conform to the law.
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segregation
The action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart.
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session
meeting of judicial body to conduct business
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speaker of the housee
presiding officer of the house of reps
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state
concerned with civil gov't. territory or political unit
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tax return
A form on which a taxpayer makes an annual statement of income and personal circumstances
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term
amount of time a public official can serve
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unconstitutional
not in accordance w/ the constit.
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civil liberties
one's freedom to exercise one's rights as guaranteed under the laws of the country.
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