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What is metter
- mater: has mass and takes up space.
- Composed of one or mor elements
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Element
substance that can't be decomposed into substances with different properties.
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Electron
negatively charged particles
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Protons
positively charged particles
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Neutrons
uncharged particles (neutrol)
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Where do protons and electrons reside?
- protons and neutrons reside in the nucleus of an atom.
- Electrons: move around the nucleus
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What is electron's number is equal to?
Number of electrons = th enumber of protons, so there is not net charge on the atom.
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What is atomic number?
Atomic number - the number of protons.8O
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Mass number(atomic weight)?
the number of protons + the number of neutrons. 16O
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Isotope
an atom of an element having more or fewer neutrons than typical
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How to colculate the number of neutrons?
Atomic weight - the atomic number = number of neutrons
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What is a molecule?
a combination of two or more atoms
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Compound
a compination of two or more elements
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Molecular compound
te smallest unit of a compound that retains all the properties of that compound ex. H2O
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Organic compound
contains Carbon
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Mixture
two or more elements (or compounds) mixing without any chemical bonding.
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How many electrons in each shell?
Maximum of 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 in the 2nd, 8 in the third.
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Cation
Atoms whose outer shell is less than half filled will lose electrons and from positively charged ions, called cations.
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Anions
netatively charged ions, that gained electrons becuase outer most shell was more than half filled.
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Chemical bond
is a union between the electrons of different atoms
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Ionic bonds
are attractions between ions of opposite charge. Ona atom loses electrons and another gains electrons.
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Ions
are atoms that gained or lost electrons and are therefore charged.
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Covalent bonds
When two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons, without the electrons leaving their orbitals.
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Non polar covalent bonds
electrons are shared equally between the atoms
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Polar covalent bonds
electrons are not shared equally among the atoms, resulting in slight opposite charges on portions of the molecule, but ther is no net charge. (H2O)
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Hydrogen Bond
Common in whater. Occures when a hydrogen atom that is already part ot a polar covalent bond interacts weakly with a highly electronegative atom (like O or N).
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Endergonic reactions
absorb more energy that the release. Or chemical reactions that requires energy.
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Exergonic reactions
When bond break they release energy.
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Synthesis reactions
- (forming of new bonds)Occures when atoms, ions ore molecules combine to form new, larger molecules.
- (anabolism, dehydration)
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Anabolism
is the synthesis molecules in a cell
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Condensation (dehydration) reaction
where H+ is removed from one molecule, OH- is removed from another, and he two molecules join --leaving H2O as a by-product. (monomer to polymers)
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Decompasitions reactions
- (breaking bonds) occure when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms
- (catabolism, hydrolysis)
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Catabolic reactions
are the decompasition reactins in a cell - catabolism
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Hydrolysis
where a molecule is split in two, while simultaneously, H ion and OH ions(from water) become attached to the newly exposed sites on the molecule. (polymer to monomers)
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Exchange reactions
- part synthesis and part decompasition.
- Heat- synthesize
- Water - break bonds
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Examples of inorganic molecules?
lack carbon: H2O, CO2, Salts, acids, bases.
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Polar molecules
hydrophilic - love water
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Non-polar molecules
hydrophobic
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Acid
an acid is a substance that dissociates, giving up one or morew H ions. The more H ions, the more acidic, lower pH 7>
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Base
substance that dissociates, giving up one or more OH ions. Makins solution more basic(less asidic), higher pH 7<
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Salts
substance that dissociate into cations and anions, neighter of which are H ion or OH ions.
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At what pH organisms grow best?
pH 6.5-8.5
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What are organic compounds?
- Contain C and H
- Held together by covalent bonds
- Carbon can binds up to 4 other atoms covalently.
- Carbon atoms binds into cahins and rings.
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What is the chain of carbon atoms is called?
carbon skeleton/backbone
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What is a functional group of organic compound?
- cluster of atoms that also bond to a crbon backbone.
- resposible for for most of the chemical properties of a paritcular organic compound.
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What are macromolecules?
small organic molecules combined into large. macromolecules are polymers cosisting of many small repeating molecules.
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Monomers
the smaller molecules
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Polymers
monomers join by dehydration synthesis reactions form polymers.
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How polymers are broke apart?
by hydrolysis reactions to form monomers.
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What are cabrohydrates?
simple sugars or strings of simple sugars linked together. For structures and energy.
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4 types of carbohydrates?
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysacharides
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Monosaccharides
- 3-7 Carbon atoms
- 5-6 Cabron long, arranged into a ring
- sweet, dissolve in water
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Disaccharides
- 2 monosach. joined by join by dehydration
- broken down by hydrolysis (ex. lactose, sucrose, maltose)
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Oligosaccharides
2-20 monosaccharides
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Polysacharides
10-100 monosach, straight or brachned chains
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3 types of polysaccharides?
- Starch
- Glycogen, cellulose
- are polymers of glucose that are covalently bonded toghether differently.
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Glycogen
sugar storage form used in animals, mostly found in the liver and skeletol muslce
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Starch
sugar storage form used in plants
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Cellulose
structural carbohydrate used in plants
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What is chitin
a polyer of two sugars repeating many times
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Lipids
- are the primary component of cell membranes
- Cosist of C, H, O
- Nonpolar and insoluble in water
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Fatty acids
Lipids that have backbones of up to 36 carbons, a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end, and H atoms an nearly all other locations.
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Saturated fatty acids
contain max, possible nomber of H; all C-C bonds are single
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Unsaturated fatty acids
one or more dobule bonds - cause kinks in chain
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Triglycerides
- 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
- formed by dehydration.
- The most common diatery lipid -richest energy sourse, stored as adipose
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Complex lipids
- contain C, H, O as well as P, N or S
- 1. Phospholipids
- 2. Waxes
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Phospholipids
Complex lipid :1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group (in cell membrane)
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Waxes
complex lipid - tightly packed molecules that are firm and repel water.
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Steroids
- lipids - 4 interconected carbon rings
- if attached to -OH= sterol - cholesterol in plasma membrane
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Proteins
cosist of monomer subunits called amino acids
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Cysteine
keep protein structures togehter.
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Amino acids
organic compound ame up of an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom and an "R' group, all attached to a central carbon atom.
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Primary structure of protien
Proteins form when individual amino acids are covalently linked toghether forming "peptied bonds". (-N-C-C-N-C-C-N-) this is called polypeptide chain and forms the primary structure of the protein.
A specific protein will have a specific sequence of amino acids which is called protein's "primary strucutre"
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Secondary strucutre of protein
- localized folding of chain, just some part, depend totaly on sequence.
- Coiled chains, (alpha helix) and beta sheets.
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Tertiary strucutre a 3-D structure of protein.
hydrophobic interactions - the overall strcuture arrangment of the entire protein.
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Quaternary strucutre
two or more polypeptied chains operate as a single functional unite. Bonds are the smae as in tertiary strucutres.
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Shape of proteins
- Globular - most ex. hemoglobin
- Fibrouse - colagen.
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Conjugated protein
- other things bonded to proteins such as carbs, lipids.
- lipoproteins, glycoproteins (oligosaccharides boned to certain proteins)
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Denatured prtoeins
when hydrogen bonds are broken and the 3-D shapes distructes.
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DNA and RNA
cosist of monomer subunits called nucleotides
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Necleotides
made up of pentose sugar (ribose), phospate group, and nitrogne base (purine or pyrimidine)
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DNA nucleotides
- Thymine (pyramidine)
- Adenine (purine)
- Cytosine ( pyrimidine)
- Guanine (purine)
- A hidrogne bonds with T
- G bonds with C
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RNA culeotides
- Uracil
- Adenine
- Cytosine
- Guanine
- AU
- GC
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ATP
- primary energy sourse for cellular activity
- base - Adenine
- sugar - ribose
- mande ADP + H2O (dehydration) = ATP
- Broken down by hydrolysis.
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