-
the ________ is the amino acid manages of all
the codons, each of which directs the incorporation of amino acid during
protein synthesis
Genetic Code
-
The enzyme that catalyzes the covalent bonding
of free RNA nucleotides into a continuous strand, using the sequence of bases
in DNA as a template, is called
RNA Polymerase
-
The hypothesis that each gene encodes
information (as a sequence of bases) needed for making one specific protein (amino acid sequence) is the
One-Gene One-Protein
-
A ______ is a sequence of three nucleotides in
transfer RNA that is complementary to the three nucleotides in messenger
RNA.
Anticodon
-
The process in which a sequence of nucleotide
bases in mRNA is converted into a sequence of amino acids in a protein is
called
Translation
-
The mRNA _____ is AUG coding for the first amino
acid in a protein. Three codons (UAG,UAA,UGA) are mRNA ______, signals that the
protein's amino acid sequence is completed.
Start Codon
Stop Codon
-
A molecule of _______ is a strand of
nucleotides, complementary to the DNA of a gene, that conveys genetic information to ribosomes to be used to sequence amino acids during protein
synthesis
mRNA
-
________ is the synthesis of RNA molecule from a
DNA template.
Transcription
-
A change in the base sequence of DNA is a
_____.
Mutation
-
A molecule that bonds to a specific amino acid
and has a set of three nucleotides, complementary to the codon for that amino acid is known as ______.
Transfer RNA
-
In a __________, a pair of bases becomes
incorrectly matched; ________ occur when one or more new nucleotide pairs are added into a gene; a _________ occurs when one or more nucleotide pairs are removed from a gene.
Point Mutation
Insertion Mutation
Deletion Mutation
-
A ______ is a sequence of three nucleotides of
mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.
Codon
-
An organelle with two subunits, each composed
of RNA and protein, that serves as site of protein synthesis is a _______.
Ribosome
-
The building blocks of DNA and RNA are monomers called _______.
Nucleotides
-
A nucleotide contains a phosphate group
covalently linked to a 5-C _____ which is covalently linked to a nitrogen containing ______.
Sugar
Base
-
DNA consists of ___ chains of nucleotides
and is called a double _____.
2
Helix
-
The sugar-phosphate backbones are _______ (run
in opposite directions).
Antiparallel
-
The genetic information in DNA directs the
synthesis of all ______ in an organism.
Proteins
-
DNA is copied every time a cell reproduces or
divides in a process called _______.
Replication
-
Replication begins when enzymes called DNA
______ unzip the DNA molecule.
Helicases
-
In order for the daughter strands to be
synthesized, primase adds an RNA _____ to both parent strands get daughter strand synthesis initiated.
Primer
-
DNA _______ is the enzyme which adds DNA
nucleotides to the parent template strands according to complementary base pairing.
Polymerase
-
In a replication fork, one strand is
synthesized continuously toward the replication fork and is called the _______ strand.
Leading
-
The lagging strand is synthesized away from the
fork in short peices called Okazaki fragments which are enentually covalently linked together by the enzyme ________.
Ligase
-
The model of DNA replication is called _________
since each new molecule is composed of one old parent strand and one new daughter strand.
Semi-conservative
-
_______ are repetitive nucleotide sequences at
each end of a DNA molecule that postpone repition of genes near ends as DNA gets shorter with each round of replication.
Telomeres
-
Enzyme DNA polymerase proof reads each
nucleotide that is added against its template some errors and damages are corrected by DNA _______.
Repair enzymes
-
An organisms unique genetic code is the sequence
of ____ ____ in their DNA which contains the information for building proteins.
Nitrogenous Bases
-
Proteins are synthesized in all cells on
organelles called ________.
Ribosomes
-
Synthesis of proteins requires the information
in DNA as well as three types of _____.
RNA
-
Once a gene is transcribed in a eukaryote, the
________ or noncoding sequences must be removed from mRNA and the coding sequences called _______ must be spliced together.
Introns
Exons
-
The enzyme which catalyzes transcription is
called ____ _________.
RNA Polymerase
-
The two main steps of _____ _____ include
transcription and translation.
Gene expression
-
The transfer of genetic information from DNA to
mRNA is called ______.
Transcription
-
Ribonucleic acid is single stranded and is
composed of RNA nucleotides each composed of a 5-C sugar called ______, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases which include C, G, A and __.
Ribose
U
-
During translation the _________ of tRNA pairs
with a codon of mRNA, which brings an amino acid into place in a polypeptide
chain.
Anticodon
-
Cytogenetics
The field of genetics that involoves the microscopic examination of chromosomes and cell division.
-
Karyotype
Revels the number, size and form of chromosomes found within an actively dividing cell.
-
Autosomes
The chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
-
Diploid
- When the cells of an organism carry two sets of
- chromosomes (human cells)
-
Metaphase
- Pairs of sister chromatids are aligned along the middle plain called the metaphase plate. Organized into a single row, when this is
- complete the cell is in metaphase.
-
Anaphase
- Pair of sister chromatids break apart at centromere. Spindle microtubules shorten, pulling the chromatids apart and toward opposite
- poles.
-
Telophase
Chromatids have reached their respective poles and decondense. Nuculear membranes now reform to produce two separate nuclei .
-
Cytokinesis
- Cell membrane and cytoplasm is cleaved to from
- two distinct cells.
-
Animal Cytokinesis
A process called cleavage furrow constricts the membrane like a drawstring to separate the cells.
-
Plant Cytokinesis
- Cell plate forms a cell wall between the two
- daughter cells.
-
Prophase
Chromosomes have already replicated to produce chromatids. Nuclear membrane begins breakdown, Chromatids condense into highly compacted structures that are readily visible by light microscopy. Mitotic spindle and centrioles from.
-
Interphase
Prior to metaphase , includes g1, s and g2 phases of the cell cycle. The chromosomes are decondensed and found in the nucleus.
-
Mitosis
The division of one nucleus into two nuclei and then cytokinesis in which the mother cell divides into two daughter cells.
-
Mitosis Cell Division
A cell divides to produce two new cells (The daughter cells) that are genetically identical to the original cell (the mother cell) .
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