lab final.txt

maintains the electrolyte, acid-base & fluid balance of the blood & is the major homestatic organ of the body:

drains urine from kidneys & conducts it by peristalis to bladder:

temporary storage area for urine:

drains the bladder:

normal characteristics of urine:

abnormal urinary constituents & conditions:

excessive intake of sugary foods/diabetes mellitus:

starvation; diabetes mellitus when coupled

physical exertion, pregnancy/glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), hypertension:

urinary tract infection:

transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia (RBCs are rupturing):

liver disease (hepatitis):

a microscopic tubule consisting of two major parts=glomerulus & renal tubule:

tangled capillary knot that filters fluid from the blood into the lumen of the renal tubule:

function is to process fluid filtered from the blood:

the beginning of the renal tubule is an enlarged end called:

the glomerulus & the glomerular capsule together are called:

the anatomical parts of the renal tubule are:

is a passive process in which fluid passes from the lumen of the glomerular capillary into the glomerular capsule of the renal tubule:

moves most of the filtrate back into the blood, leaving principally salt water plus wastes in the lumen of the tubule:

is essentially the reverse of tubular reabsorption & is a process by which the kidneys can rid the blood of additional unwanted substances such as creatinine & ammonia:

is used to denote the hydrogen ion concentration [H+] in body fluids:

the pH of a body's fluids is also referred to as its:

a substance that releases H+ in solution(such as body fluids):

a substance, often a hydroxyl ion (OH-) or bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), that binds to H+:

when pH levels fall below 7.35, the body is said to be in a state of:

when pH levels rise above 7.45, the body is said to be in a state of:

a condition of too little carbon dioxide in the blood:

is the result of impaired respiration or hypoventilation which leads to the accumulation of too much carbon dioxide in the blood:

is characterized by low plasma HCO3- and pH:

is characterized by elevated plasma HCO3- and pH:

the effect of increasing the afferent radius on glomerular filtration rate & glomerular pressure:

the effect of decreasing the efferent radius on glomerular filtration rate & glomerular pressure:

the effect of increasing the beaker pressure on glomerular filtration rate:

the effect of increasing the beaker pressure on glomerular pressure:

what was the glomerular filtration rate at 80mm Hg beaker pressure, 0.55 mm afferent radius, and 0.45 efferent radius:

with the beaker pressure increased to 85 mm Hg, at what afferent radius was the glomerular filtration rate in question 7 restored:

with the beaker pressure increased to 85 mm Hg, at what efferent radius was the glomerular filtration rate in question 7 restored:

3 steps of urine formation:

works to reaborb sodium ions (and thereby water) at the expense of losing potassium ions; its site of action is the distal convoluted tubule; produced by the adrenal gland:

makes the distal tubule and collecting duct more permeable to water, thereby allowing the body to reabsorb water from the filtrate when its present; manufactured by the hypothalamus:

facilitate the transport of glucose over a plasma membrane

Used to denote the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids

Normal pH values

Composed of a mixture of weak acids and weak bases. Regulate pH levels by binding H+ and removing it from solution as its concentration begins to rise or fall.

Has 2 major buffers (renal and respiratory). Help regulate body pH by controlling the output of acids, bases, or carbon dioxide from the body.

Relationship between CO2 and pH

How does the physiological buffer respond to different CO2 & pH levels

How metabolic rate affects pH and CO2 rates

Cells that contain a nucleus

During cell reproduction the DNA coils and forms

Specialized sex cells are called

Sex cells combine and form the first cell of a new individual through a process called

Fertilized egg

In plants, a male gamete is called

In animals, a male gamete is called

Meiosis is also known as

What does meiosis do

2 copies of each chromosome is known as

1 copy of each chromosome is known as

Plants undergo ________ __ _________ in its life cycle

Name the 2 divisions of meiosis

Name the order of stages in Stage I of meiosis

Name the order of stages in Stage II of meiosis

During this phase the diploid has already doubled its DNA to become tetraploid

Matched pairs

Crossing over

Phase that shows the formation of the spindle;tetrads align at equator of the cell

Phase where homologous chromosomes seperate, but sister chromatids stay together and move to opposite ends of the cell

Phase where the chromosomes gather at the poles and uncoil to thin, threadlike form

Thin, threadlike forms are

Phase where chromosomes coil and nuclear membrane disappears

Phase where spindle formsand sister pairs align at the equator of cell

Sister chromatids seperate

Phase where chromatids reach the poles and uncoil into thin, threadlike chromatin

Phase where two diploid daughter cells formed in the first division are physically divided into tow haploid daughter cells

A male produces ____ haploid sperm

This enables the male to produce sperm

A female produce ____egg and _____ smaller remnants

The smaller remnants that female produce are called

Passing of traits or characterisitics from one generation to the next

Humans have a total of ______ chromosomes, _______from male and _______female

These express themselves even when just one copy is present

These express themselves only when 2 copies are present

These are used to designate dominant genes

These represent recessive genes

An individual with 2 dominant and 2 recessive genes is called

An individual with 1 dominant and 1 recessive gene is called

The genetic makeup of an individual is called

Shows the transmission of a genetic trait through generations of family

Useful for detemining the genotype of a person as well as predicting genotypes of future generations