Digestive

Region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum

a strong ring of smooth muscle at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum

1st section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds is the

Regulates the rate of emptying of the stomach via hormonal pathways

Brunner's glands

Chyme

Gastric Chief Cell aka Peptic Cell

Parietal cells aka Oxyntic cells

• Jejunum
• Duodenum
• Ileum

• stomach
• duodenum

• duodenum
• pancreas and liver

Sigmoid Colon

Lies mostly in the pevis but sometimes can be in abdominal cavity

• A pouch that is considered the beginning of the large intestine
• It receives fecal material from the ileum & connects to the ascending colon
• Connected to appendix

Bolus

• In the Mouth
• Teeth mechanically broken down in the mouth
• Salivary glands release amylase (enzyme) which begins the break down of starch
• Swallowed and moved down the esophagus by peristalsis

• In the stomach
• Gastric juices (hydrochloric acid, pepsin (enzyme), & etc) are released breaking down proteins
• Stomach churns and combines the gastric juices and the food together into chime
• Pyloric sphincter selectively allows small amounts of chyme through into the duodenum

• In the duodenum
• Bile are released by the liver and gallbladder
• Pancreatic juices are released by pancreas
• Break down of lipids begins
• Further break down of proteins and starch also continues
• Fats are emulsified by bile and it is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
• Protease (enzyme) breaks the peptide bonds in between the amino acids
• Amylase further breaks down starch into monosaccharides

• In the iluem and jejum
• Most of the absorption takes place
• Minerals and vitamins are absorbed by the villi which covers the small intestine (to increase the surface area of which absorption can take place) and by diffusion it is absorbed into the blood stream and lymphatic system.

• In the large intestine
• Further absorption (although limited) also takes place
• Most of the water is absorbed here
• Undigested and indigestible substance exits the body in a semi-solid form (feces) through the anus

• Bitter-tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid
• Produced in liver, stored in gallbladder
• Upon eating is discharged into the duodenum
• Aids digestion of lipids in small intestine

Endocrine (Gland)

Digestive (Organ)

• A liquid secreted by the pancreas
• Alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions
• Contains a variety of digestive enzymes

Protease

• A glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach
• Necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 later on in the small intestine

• A hormone that controls the secretions into the duodenum
• Produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the Crypts of Lieberkühn

• Regulate pH duodenal contents via control of gastric acid secretion & buffering with bicarbonate
• Triggers pancreas to release bicarbonate (neutralizes stomach acid entering duodenum)
• Triggers releaes of pancreatic enzymes that further break down in small intestine

Notable for being the first hormone to be identified

• A peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system
• Responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein
• Synthesized by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine
• Causes the release of digestive enzymes & bile from pancreas and gallbladder into duodenum

Villi & Microvill

• They increase the small intestine's surface area
• Each contains arterioles & lympathic vessels for absorption

Large Intestine aka Colon