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Cingulate gyrus
- Emotions
- Motivated responses
- Cognitive processing
- Pain perception (anterior portion)
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Corpus callosum
Connects left and right hemisphere
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Septum pellucidum
Tissue that separates left and right lateral ventricles
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Lateral ventricle
- Holds cerebrospinal fluid
- Cavity in right and left cerebral hemispheres
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Fornix
Projects axons from the hippocampus to the septal nuclei and hypothalamus
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Anterior commissure
- Mediates emotions
- Connects the right and left hemispheres
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Thalamus
Major relay center for all inputs and outputs
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Massa intermedia
Connects adjacent thalamic nuclei in the right and left hemispheres
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Third ventricle
- Holds cerebrospinal fluid
- Cavity that surrounds thalamus and hypothalamus
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Hypothalamus
- Controls autonomic and endocrine functions
- Mediates eating, sleeping and reproduction
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Mammillary bodies
Memory processing
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Pineal gland
Regulates circadian rhythms
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Stria medullaris
Fiber tract that projects from amygdala and runs along dorsal suface of the thalamus and enters the habenula
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Habenula
- Mediates release of monoamines dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin
- Mediates pain processing, reproductive behavior, feeding, sleep-wake cycles, stress response, and learning
- Negative feedback or negative rewards (lateral habenula)
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Posterior commissure
- Connects the right and left hemispheres
- Important for bilateral pupillary reflexes
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Superior colliculus
Mediates directing eye movement, saccades and tracking objects
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Inferior colliculus
Mediates determing the location of auditory stimuli in the environment
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Cerebral aqueduct
- Conveys cerebrospinal fluid from third to fourth ventricles
- Divides tectum from tegmentum
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Tegmentum
Involved in many unconscious homeostatic and reflexive pathways, including reticular fomation (conscious awareness, arousal), the periaqueductal gray matter (pain), the red nucleus (motor), the substantia nigra (motor), and ventral tegmental area (motivated behaviors).
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Cerebellum
Mediates smooth movement, coordination, postural balance, learning and motor memory, language, mental imagery, attention to novelty, and shifting and orienting attention.
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Fourth ventricle
- Contains cerebrospinal fluid
- Cavity underneath the cerebellum
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Pons
- Relays information to and from the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord.
- Inhibitory signals to prevent movement in REM sleep
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Medulla
Regulates vital autonomic processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.
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Hippocampus
Mediates memory processing
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Caudate
Mediates movement, affective behavior, learning, reward, and other cognitive processes
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Frontal lobe
Mediates motor and executive functions, language
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Lentiform nucleus
Mediates movement and some features of cognition
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Cerebellar peduncles
Connects cerebellum to rest of CNS
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Septal area
Involved in motivated behaviors
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Longitudinal fissure
Sulcus separating left and right cerebral hemispheres
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Corona radiata
Provides most inputs and outputs for the cerebral cortex
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External capsule
Fiber tract that connects putamen in teh basal gangli system to the cortex
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Olfactory tubercle
Area between medial and lateral olfactory tracts
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Putamen
Mediates movement and learning
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Nucleus accumbens
- Mediates acticipation of rewards associated with motivated behaviors
- Appears to play a role in emotions
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Globus pallidus
Mediates movement and some features of cognition
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Internal capsule
Course through striatum of the basal ganglia system
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Choroid plexus
- Produces cerebrospinal fluid from blood
- Regulates pressure
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Optic chiasm
Formed by optic nerves that partially decussate to continue on as optic tract fibers in visual system
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Pulvinar
Participates in vision and eye movement
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Fimbria
Fiber projections from hippocampal neurons that converge to form the fornix
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Optic tract
Optic nerves projecting from the retinas that partially decusssate at the optic chiasm.
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Amygdala
Mediate behaviors like identifying the emotional salience of stimuli
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Mammilothalamic tract
White matter fibers projecting from the mammillary bodies to the thalamus
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Substantia niagra
- Sends projections to the thalamus and superior colliculus
- Contains dopaminergic projections to the striatum and cerebral cortex
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